Development ofNew InDel Marker to Detect Genotypes of Conferring Fertility Restoration of BT-Type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility inRice简

Restorer line breeding is an important approach to enhance the heterosis and improve the yields of japonica hybrid rice. To improve the selection efficiency of restorer lines for BT-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in japonica rice, a functional marker InDel-Rf-1a based on the difference of nucleotide sequence in Rf-1a locus between BT-type CMS lines and restorer lines was developed to detect the genotypes of different rice materials. Conventional indica rice varieties, restorer and maintainer lines without 574 bp deletion could restore the fertility for BT-type CMS in japonica rice. By contrast, most conventional japonica rice varieties except Aichi 106 and Yijing 12, with genotype of rf-1arf-1a showed the 574 bp deletion maintained sterility for BT-type CMS lines. To further verify the effect of genotyping detection in Rf-1a locus, this marker was also used to amplify the genomic DNA in different japonica rice restorer lines, CMS lines, hybrids and F₂ segregation population, and three genotypes in Rf-1a locus could be distinguished distinctly. Therefore, the marker InDel-Rf-1a could be widely used for genetic identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding japonica restorer lines.     

土壤肥沃耕层构建模式

详细介绍土壤的物质组成及作用,论述构建土壤肥沃耕层对农业生产的重要意义及我国土壤耕层构建模式的发展历程,介绍一种将深翻和秸秆还田结合起来的土壤肥沃耕层构建新模式,为提高土壤耕层的肥力提供参考。     

顺昌县水田土壤肥力现状及中稻施肥建议

采集顺昌县水田土样1887个进行分析,结果表明：有机质、碱解氮中等含量以上的分别占91％、78.22％,有效磷含量中等的占56.92％,速效钾缺乏的占77.85％;交换性钙、有效锌处于丰富水平,有效硫处于中下水平,交换性镁较为缺乏,有效硼处于严重缺乏水平。针对顺昌县水田肥力状况,中稻施肥建议稳氮和磷、增钾、补充中微量元素,并推广种植紫云英与秸秆还田。     

安徽岳西头陀镇毛竹林生产力 与土壤养分特征比较

为了解土壤养分与毛竹生长的相关性,对安徽头陀镇的垦复毛竹纯林、未垦复毛竹纯林和竹阔混交林 进行调查研究。结果表明院不同毛竹林生长及其生产力差异明显,平均胸径10.02耀12.35 cm,立竹度0.28耀0.49,该区 的生产力属中等偏低,总生物量大小依次为院垦复毛竹纯林（96.50 t/hm2）>竹阔混交林（81.39 t/hm2）>未垦复毛竹纯林 （78.17 t/hm2）。垦复毛竹纯林和竹阔混交林的各组分生物量大小依次为院竹杆>竹鞭>竹根>竹叶>竹枝;而未垦复毛竹 纯林为院竹杆>竹枝>竹鞭>竹根>竹叶。不同林分下,各样地土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随土层深度的 加深而降低,同一土层中养分含量差异显著。相关分析显示,不同毛竹林总生物量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷存在 不同程度的正相关;平均胸径与0耀20 cm 土层有机质和速效磷呈显著正相关;立竹度仅与0耀20 cm 土层有机质呈正 相关。说明土壤有机质含量是影响毛竹生产力的关键因素。     

河口县香蕉园土壤肥力状况分析

采用化学分析方法对河口县8个香蕉种植区的194个土壤样品的养分指标进行分析,结果表明：71.6%的土样pH值在正常范围内;有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换镁低于临界值20 g/kg、90 g/kg、10 mg/kg、100 g/kg、50 mg/kg的土样分别为23.2%、30.4%、59.3%、75.8%和63.9%;所有土样的有效铁、锌含量均高于临界值;少数样品的交换钙、有效铜、锰含量低于临界值。据此提出河口县香蕉园相应的施肥建议,对指导香蕉的合理施肥具有重要意义。     

云南省典型县域烟田土壤肥力演变及综合评价

对云南省典型县域宾川县烟田土壤pH和养分含量40年的变化进行定量分析,明确烟田土壤肥力演变特征,进一步为烟区土壤养分管理及平衡施肥提供科学依据。通过数据收集和野外采样,分析宾川县1982、2012、2018、2022年4个时期烟田耕层土壤养分变化,运用土壤综合评价法,克里格插值定量评价了土壤综合肥力指数（IFI）及其时空变异特征。近40年来（1982—2022）,宾川县烟田土壤pH（7.13~6.23）和有机质含量（35.30~27.71 g/kg）呈下降趋势,有效磷（12.11~50.71 mg/kg）和速效钾含量（158.66~321.03 mg/kg）呈上升趋势,碱解氮含量（119.03~117.00 mg/kg）无显著变化。IFI（0.49~0.62）呈上升趋势,均值由1982年的0.49（Ⅲ）增加至2022年的0.62（Ⅱ）,其中平川镇、拉乌彝族乡、州城镇及宾居镇IFI增加幅度最大,当前高肥力区域主要分布于县东北部和南部,低肥力区域分布于西北部。此外,主成分分析表明影响烟田土壤肥力的主要内在因素由有机质变为速效钾。经过40年耕种管理,宾川县烟田肥力自西向东、自北向南逐渐增加,但养分指标非均衡性和肥力空间不均匀性增加,应稳定氮肥钾肥,减少磷肥施用。     

Soil quality and fertility in sustainable agriculture,with a contribution to the biological classification of agricultural soils

Soils and crops are particularly vulnerable to climate change and environmental stresses. In many agrosystems, soil biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by soils are under threat from a range of natural and human drivers. Agricultural soils are often subject to agronomic practices that disrupt soil trophic networks and make soils less productive in the long term. In this scenario, sustainable soil use aimed at improving plant/root status, growth and development plays a crucial role for enhancing the biological capacity of agricultural soils. This commentary paper is divided into the following four main sections: (i) the contentious nature of soil organic matter; (ii) soil biological quality/fertility; (iii) soil classification; and, (iv) which agricultural practices can be defined as sustainable? The published literature was analyzed within a holistic framework, with agrosystems considered as living systems where soil, vegetation, fauna and microorganisms co-evolve and are reciprocally influenced. Ultimately, this article will suggest a better stewardship of agricultural soils as a natural capital.     

吉首沙田柚少核机理研究Ⅰ.吉首沙田柚少核原因及其果实品质初探

为充分利用开发无核或少核品种，以吉首少核沙田柚为试材，经自然授粉、花粉隔离和人工杂交授粉等处理，研究了其少核原因，并对吉首少核沙田柚的果实品质进行了测定。结果表明：吉首少核沙田柚单果平均种子数2-32粒；初步认为其少核可能是由于多数幼胚中途停止发育所致；少核沙田柚果皮变薄，可食率增加。     

Linking Amazonian secondary succession forest growth to soil properties

The Amazon Basin has suffered extensive deforestation in the past 30 years. Deforestation typically leads to changes in climate, biodiversity, hydrological cycle, and soil degradation. Vegetation succession plays an important role in soil restoration through accumulation of vegetation biomass and improved soil/plant interaction. However, relationships between succession and soil properties are not well known. For example, how does vegetation succession affect nutrient accumulation? Which soil factors are important in influencing vegetation growth? What is the best way to evaluate soil fertility in the Amazon basin? This paper focuses on the interrelationships between secondary succession and soil properties. Field soil sample data and vegetation inventory data were collected in two regions of Brazilian Amazonia (Altamira and Bragantina). Soil nutrients and texture were analyzed at successional forest sites. Multiple regression models were used to identify the important soil properties affecting vegetation growth, and a soil evaluation factor (SEF) was developed for evaluating soil fertility in Alfisols, Ultisols, and Oxisols, which differ in the ways they affect vegetation growth. For example, the upper 40 cm of soil is most important for vegetation growth in Alfisols, but in Ultisols and Oxisols deeper horizons significantly influence vegetation growth rates. Accumulation of vegetation biomass increased soil fertility and improved soil physical structure in Alfisols but did not completely compensate for the nutrient losses in Ultisols and Oxisols; however, it significantly reduced the rate of nutrient loss. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.