封育对山地草甸草原土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

以自由放牧为对照,研究了天山北坡山地草甸草原围栏封育条件下土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的变化特征。结果表明,封育8年后土壤活性有机碳和土壤总有机碳含量都得到提高,在0－5和20－40 cm土层显著高于放牧草地(P0.05)。总有机碳和活性有机碳均随土层的加深而减小,且放牧样地土壤更快地向稳定碳库转变。封育草地土壤碳库管理指数各土层均大于100,且随着土层加深而变高,表明围栏封育提高了土壤质量,进而改善了草地生态环境。     

天山北坡山地草原围栏封育效果研究

连续3年对天山北坡草甸草原和干草原进行围栏封育,并对围栏内外不同利用强度下草地植被的植物量、高度、盖度、密度、频度和土壤容重等方面进行了调查,对草地群落结构和立地条件进行了观测。结果显示,围栏封育3年天然草地植物群落的组成基本稳定,围栏内的草地植物量明显高于围栏外草地（P〈0．05）。随着利用强度的增加,草地植物种类组成,重要值和土壤含水量明显降低。表明围栏封育可以有效遏止草地退化,对草地恢复效果明显。     

Effects of roe deer browsing and site preparation on performance of planted broadleaved and conifer seedlings when using temporary fences

Abstract

The effects of fencing and site preparation on performance of birch (Betula pendula Roth), oak (Quercus robur L.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied over four growing seasons in southern Sweden. The experiment was composed of four browsing treatments, from which roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) were excluded for 0, 12, 24 or 42 months, and four soil treatments. Natural browsing was combined with artificial browsing (clipping). It was demonstrated that browsing by roe deer could be isolated from browsing by moose (Alces alces L.) by selective fencing. Except for birch, browsing had little effect on seedling survival. Browsing reduced height growth by more than 100% for oak and pine, and more than 60% of pine seedling developed multiple stems. Except for oak, site preparation increased seedling survival. Inverting site preparation, in combination with or without fertilization, produced positive growth responses in seedlings, whereas patch scarification did not. There was no interaction between browsing and soil treatments on seedling performance. It was concluded that long-term protection against browsing by roe deer is needed for oak and pine, whereas short-term fences might be used for birch, and that spruce is relatively unaffected by browsing.     

荒漠河谷胡杨残林复壮更新试验研究

胡杨(Populus euphratica)在额济纳荒漠绿洲中的生态地位极其重要,与绿洲的兴衰息息相关。额济纳荒漠绿洲的胡杨林,目前由于河水泛滥受控制,使依赖于河漫滩而发芽生长的幼林所占林地面积比例下降,林地日趋老化、衰残,致胡杨日渐衰败,绿洲退缩。文中依据多年的试验调查数据,对荒漠河岸林胡杨残林复壮更新效果进行了分析研究。结果表明:围栏封育对加快荒漠河岸林的复壮更新和林下天然植被的恢复,起到了积极而显著的作用。开沟断根,打破了土壤表皮板结层,疏松了土壤,利于根蘖苗萌生,同时也促进了苗木侧根和须根的增加,扩大了根系吸收面积,使苗木生长量提高。间苗定株有效地促进了胡杨老树的根蘖更新。确定了河岸胡杨更新林合理密度为幼龄期为3330株/hm2,中龄期为1665株/hm2,近熟林期为600株/hm2,成熟林期为135株/hm2。在此基础上提出了全面保护好沿河现有胡杨残林的措施,实行分片、分段围栏封育和充分引用季节性河道来水浇灌的前提下,积极促进胡杨残林的复壮和根蘖更新,复壮更新。     

Grassland Fire Effects on Steel Fence Posts

Rangeland fire effects on flora, fauna, soils, and water have been studied widely. Fire effects information is limited on rangeland developments such as fencing. Fencing is an integral part of rangeland infrastructure and receives much attention when there is a wildfire or even discussion about conducting prescribed fires. Due to known fence age and fire history, we conducted a study on the Oklahoma State University Research Range located near Stillwater, Oklahoma. Five randomly selected individual metal T posts were sampled from a common fence line of known age and fire treatment. The T posts ranged from 4 to 35 yr since fence construction, with fire activity of 0, 1, 3, or 12 prescribed fires and 0, 1, or 2 wildfire occurrences. Each T post was tested in situ at 40 cm, 80 cm, and 120 cm above ground level for hardness and paint adhesion as set forth by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International standards for hot wrought metal fence posts. Our results found no differences in post hardness, with all posts tested being higher than the ASTM minimum standard of 83 Rockwell B Hardness Scale. We also found that paint adhesion between burned and unburned T posts did not vary, with age of post being the only significant predictor variable for adhesion. Overall, our results provide evidence that T posts exposed to numerous fires and fire types did not suffer negative effects. This shows that concerns about wildfire and prescribed fires in grasslands having negative effects on metal T posts are unfounded.     

围栏对新疆山区草地土壤碳氮的影响

通过对新疆典型山区草地——高寒草甸、亚高山草甸和山地草原的野外实地监测，在对草原围栏内外植物群落生物量、土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤碳、氮特征研究结果比较基础上，讨论了围栏对天然草地土壤有机碳、氮的影响：有利于土壤有机碳、氨的恢复，但由于土壤碳、氮的积累相对较慢，因此短时间内不明显。     

亚高寒草甸围封地内3种植物叶片的氮磷化学计量特征

氮(N)和磷(P)是陆地生态系统的主要限制性元素,对植物生长起着十分重要的作用.本研究探讨了青藏高原亚高寒草甸围封地内,3种植物叶片氮磷化学计量特征在不同样地中的变化及其与土壤养分的关系.结果表明:甘青蒿(Artemisia tangutica)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)的叶N变异系数分别为14.9%和24.34%,均高于叶P变异系数的8.12%和20.90%,表明其叶片内N比P活跃;紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)与之相反,变异系数为叶N(12.56%)小于叶P(14.49%).不同样地内,甘青蒿和垂穗披碱草的叶N、P含量均呈显著性差异(P<0.05),紫花苜蓿的叶P含量呈极显著差异(P<0.01),表明植物在不同样地中叶片养分差异显著.甘青蒿和垂穗披碱草的叶N、P含量与土壤N、P含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),紫花苜蓿叶N与土壤养分均无显著相关性,叶N∶P值与土壤P含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05).这表明试验样地内,甘青蒿和垂穗披碱草的生长倾向于土壤N、P元素的影响,紫花苜蓿则更倾向于受到P元素的影响.     

高寒草甸植被群落特征及其营养品质对围栏封育的响应

为探究长期封育对高寒草甸植被功能群落特征和营养品质年际动态的影响,本研究以围封11年和连续放牧高寒草甸为研究对象,采用3年连续野外群落调查和室内牧草营养品质分析相结合的方法,比较了长期围封和连续放牧2种草地管理措施对5个植被功能群特征和营养品质的影响。结果表明：围封样地禾本科（Grass group,GG）、莎草科（Sedge group,SG）、豆科（Leguminous group,LG）和杂类草（Forbs group,FG）4个功能群盖度和地上生物量显著高于放牧样地（P<0.05）,功能群密度、物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、粗蛋白（Crude protein,CP）和体外干物质消化率（In vitro dry matter digestibility,IVDMD）显著低于放牧样地（P<0.05）;围封样地4个功能群的密度、群物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、CP和IVDMD表现出不受年际降雨量影响而逐渐下降的趋势。研究建议对围封11年的高寒草甸可进行适当的放牧以增加植被功能群物种多样性和牧草营养品质。     

新疆昭苏草原围栏封育效果研究

从2004~2005年对新疆昭苏草原76团场天然草地围栏内、外植被特征进行了调查,结果表明:从2003年封育到2004年,围栏封育处理与对照相比草层高度增加36.5%,总盖度增加12.5%,鲜草产量增加56.2%;从2003年封育到2005年,围栏封育处理与对照相比草层高度增加138.5%,总盖度增加54.3%,鲜草产量增加109.1%.在围栏内0~5 cm土层,土壤水分含量较对照增加63.6%,氨态氮含量增加26.7%;在10~20 cm土层,土壤水分含量较对照增加85.1%,由此可见,围栏对草场恢复效果明显.