Isolation and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose of strawberry in south west Spain

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a major disease of cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa. This study identifies the Colletotrichum spp. which causes strawberry anthracnose in the southwest of Spain. A survey of the region was carried out, and the strains isolated were identified as C. acutatum by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genus and species-specific primers, demonstrating that this species is currently the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose in the studied region. The pathogenicity of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides strains was evaluated on two principal strawberry cultivars (cvs Camarosa and Ventana) under field conditions, the latter being more pathogenic than the former.     

Penetration, Development and Emigration of Juveniles of the Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera) Clones Bearing the Ma Resistance Genes

Penetration, development and emigration of M. arenaria in the roots of three Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera) clones genetically characterized for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) were studied during the 10 (penetration) and 15 (emigration) days following the date of inoculation (D) of 2500 juveniles (J2s) per plant into the soil. Miniaturized tests were conducted on the two resistant clones P.2175 (Ma1 gene) and P.1079 (Ma2 gene) and the susceptible clone P.2032 (recessive for both genes), obtained from micropropagated plantlets and grown in mini-containers under controlled conditions at 25°C in a growth chamber. For penetration and development studies, nematodes in the roots were recovered by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol staining technique. Equivalent numbers of J2s were recovered in all the clones at D+1 and D+2. Subsequently, the numbers increased rapidly in P.2032 and were significantly different from those in P.1079 and P.2175 that remained at a low level. No swollen larvae were observed in the resistant clones. In P.2032, the first swollen larvae were observed at D+4, the first females were observed at D+12, whereas the first females with attached egg sacs and the first new-generation J2s were obtained between D+21 and D+28. Our data suggest that the resistance phenomenon does not act on the very early nematode penetration but acts later by preventing feeding-site induction and development into the third-stage. For emigration studies, plants in which J2s had been allowed to penetrate for two days (from D to D+2) were washed free of soil, repotted and then, after various periods of growth, soil-free roots were placed under a mistifier to evaluate the numbers of emigrating individuals. Emigration of J2s from the roots occured mainly from D+2 to D+4 in all the genotypes and was very limited from D+4 to D+10. There was no significant differences in the number of emigrated juveniles between the resistant and susceptible clones, indicating that emigration cannot explain the difference in the numbers of nematodes recovered in the roots.     

玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的环介导恒温扩增(LAMP)检测方法

为了提高口岸和基层实验室检疫和监测玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的准确性和工作效率,利用环介导恒温扩增技术(LAMP),根据内切葡聚糖酶(EGase)基因前导序列,设计2个内引物和2个外引物,对玉米细菌性枯萎病菌进行快速检测。结果表明,使用玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的近缘种或引致相似症状的病原菌菊欧文氏菌玉米致病变种Erwinia chrysanthemi pv.zeae、玉米内州萎蔫病菌Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.nebraskensis、燕麦假单胞菌Pseudomonas avenae、杓兰欧文氏菌Erwinia cypripedii检测其特异性,仅玉米细菌性枯萎病菌有扩增。LAMP检测灵敏度达到2 pg DNA,为普通PCR的100倍;与其它检测方法相比,LAMP方法检测时间短,效率高,不仅降低了设备投入,易于操作,而且具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,适合玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的现场检疫和大规模检测。     

甘肃省年有效降水次数的异常特征分析

利用1958-2001年甘肃省45个气象站的逐日降水资料,统计出年有效降水次数,通过经验正交展开(EOF)和旋转经验正交展开(REOF),研究其异常的空间结构及时间演变规律,同时利用墨西哥帽子波变换技术,对甘肃省年有效降水次数进行多时间尺度分析.结果表明:大范围区域一致性异常是甘肃省年有效降水次数的首要特征;甘肃省年有效降水次数异常区域大致分为4个关键区;从总体上看(较大时间尺度),甘肃省年有效降水次数是增加的,而从较小时间尺度看,则表现为增中有减,减中有增的复杂变化.     

粗牛角椒新品种郑椒505 的选育

郑椒505具有中熟,果实粗牛角形,果长15～18cm,肩径宽6～7cm,肉厚0.4cm,单果重125～167g,果色深绿,辣味适中,商品性好,品质优良,维生素C含量113mg/100g。丰产抗病,每667m2产量可达4270.26kg,高抗疫病、病毒病、炭疽病,适应性强,春秋保护地、露地均可种植。     

不同外界条件对豆瓣菜富硒能力的影响研究

为了研究不同硒浓度、温度、pH值和栽培方式下豆瓣菜对硒富集能力的影响,采用原子荧光法对硒含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,随着硒浓度增加,豆瓣菜对硒的富集量增加;温度升高时,中等浓度硒添加量的豆瓣菜富硒能力更强,当添加浓度继续升高时,则低温度下豆瓣菜富硒能力比高温的强;pH值由6增加至7时,豆瓣菜的富硒能力减弱;不同栽培方式对豆瓣菜的富集能力影响较大,在添加相同浓度的硒溶液时,水培豆瓣菜的富硒量远超土培的豆瓣菜。     

湘红菜薹一号的选育

湘红菜薹一号是以自交不亲和系９４１５－２和孤雌生殖系Ｊ－７－２配制的紫菜薹一代杂种,极早熟,从播种到始收４５天左右,早期产量高,菜薹亮紫色,无蜡粉,味甜,品质好,耐热,抗软腐病能力强,适应性广,适用于长江流域夏秋栽培和早熟秋冬栽培。     

红菜薹栽培与育种研究进展(上)

从红菜薹的品种资源、遗传育种、良种繁育以及栽培生理、贮藏保鲜、品质安全等方面,综述了近20年来我国红菜薹研究的主要成果,可供今后我国红菜薹教学、科研和生产及宏观决策的参考.     

高效微生物杀虫剂对蚊虫的杀灭作用

新疆阿勒泰北屯地区位于额尔齐斯河下游,夏季蚊虫泛滥,严重威胁当地人民的身体健康.本研究跟踪调查了各种水体的幼蚊滋生情况,确定了幼蚊发生的2个高峰期分别出现在5月下旬至6月上旬及6月下旬至7月上旬,同时确定了洪水型积水、排碱渠积水和漫灌林带积水是幼蚊高发的孳生地类型.采集并对蚊虫样品进行形态学鉴定,确定了该地区的优势蚊种为刺扰伊蚊Aedes vexans.用苏云金芽胞杆菌以色列亚种Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis(Bti)水剂对该蚊种进行了室内生测,其LC50和LC90分别为0.055和0.198 mg/L.分别选取3种高发孳生地的3处积水进行野外试验,发现48 h后该药剂对幼蚊的杀灭率均在96％以上,对大面积孳生地也有很好的杀灭作用.监测显示成蚊出现的高峰时间是每年的6月上旬至6月中旬及7月中旬至7月下旬.连续施药3年后,2013年的成蚊数量相比2011年时下降幅度超过50％.本研究对于北屯地区蚊虫的进一步控制以及Bti制剂在新疆的推广有重要的意义.     

绿洲农田防护林系统土壤蒸发特征研究

以景电灌区绿洲农田防护林系统为研究对象,通过对农田防护林系统内土壤水分蒸发的测定分析,结果表明:在1H范围内,越靠近林带,土壤蒸发量越大。随着与林带距离的增加,土壤蒸发量有先减小后增大的趋势;农田防护林系统内土壤水分蒸发量在灌溉前后有先增加后减小的趋势,并且对照点土壤水分蒸发量始终高于林网内观测点,林网内土壤蒸发量与对照点相比平均减少了35.17%。说明绿洲农田防护林系统能有效减弱土壤蒸发量;相关分析表明,系统内土壤水分蒸发量受到土壤本身和气象因子的制约,其影响程度大小依次为土壤含水量>太阳辐射>空气相对湿度>风速>气温,其中土壤含水量、太阳辐射、气温、风速与土壤蒸发量成正相关,空气相对湿度与其成负相关关系。