我国南方大豆地方品种农艺和品质性状的遗传参数分析

由南方13省区的3769份夏大豆地方品种按省分层随机抽样而得的143份材料组成地方群体;由20份南方夏大豆推广品种及品系组成改良群体,在南京两年三重复试验表明,南方地方群体主要特点是晚熟(132.56天),秆较矮(58.05cm),中粒(14.34g/100粒),底荚高(18.47cm),分枝中等(3.86),产量低(1199.25kg/ha),蛋白质含量高(43.73％)、脂肪含量中等(20.19％)。该群体农艺和品质性状具有丰富的遗传变异,并由5％相对遗传进展特点将45个性状分为,GSI:极大(>40％);GSⅡ:大(40％—10％);GSⅢ:中等(10％—5％);GSⅣ:一定(<5％)等四类,其中GSⅠ、GSⅡ类多属产量、生育期、粒茎比、株高、百粒重等农艺性状,GSⅢ、GSⅣ类多属蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组分、脂肪含量等品质性状。     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

利用相同来源F2:3和BC2S1群体定位玉米生育期QTL

以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建259个F2:3和220个BC2S1家系群体,利用SSR标记构建分子标记遗传图谱,利用复合区间作图方法对4个生育期性状进行QTL定位和效应分析。利用F2:3群体共检测到4个抽雄期QTL、6个吐丝期QTL和3个散粉期QTL。单个QTL可解释的表型变异为6.7%~18.4%,可解释的表型总变异为28.9%~50.3%,11个QTL的增效基因来自生育期较长的亲本丹232,其余2个QTL的增效基因来自生育期较短的亲本N04;BC2S1群体检测到8个与4个生育期性状相关的QTL,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为4.5%~11.6%,可解释的表型总变异为13.2%~18.5%,增效基因来自两个亲本的QTL为3个和5个。两类群体检测出QTL的数目、位置、效应和贡献率均存在较大差异,主要原因在于BC2S1群体抽样选择所引起的群体结构差异,F2:3群体显示出较高的QTL检测能力,但回交育种过程中应慎重依据F2:3群体QTL定位结果进行标记辅助选择(MAS)。     

水稻剑叶性状的遗传分析和基因定位

本研究以水稻籼粳杂交(窄叶青8号×京系17)F1经花药培养, 产生的双单倍体(DH)群体和应用该群体已构建的分子图谱为基础。 采用QTL区间作图法对5个剑叶性状进行定位分析, 结果表明, 在DH群体中, 剑叶长、 宽、 长宽比和叶面积呈连续分布, 受微效多基因控制, 并且各性状均存在一定数量的超亲遗传类型。 4个性状共检测出13     

Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates

Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history characteristics of the species. We used population viability analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults, respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level, but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with the length of the study used to parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk is associated with greater temporal variation in population size for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence.     

水稻钵苗移栽下坠高度及导管摩擦对栽深的影响

该文通过对钵苗落差高度与栽植深度关系和秧苗钵体相对于导管不同材料的动、静摩擦系数的试验研究,为导管式分秧栽植机构的设计提供理论依据.试验结果表明:水稻钵体秧苗的栽植深度随钵苗落差高度的增加而增加;对一般水田土壤类型,在整地质量满足农艺要求的条件下,钵苗落差高度在0.75～1.50 m范围内时,秧苗栽植深度为4.8～12.5 mm,可以满足秧苗栽深的农艺要求;秧苗钵体相对于钢板和塑料板的摩擦系数变化不大,受秧苗钵体相对湿度的影响较大,且随钵体相对湿度的增加而增加,在相对湿度为80%左右时达到最大值;一般情况下,在机器设计中,可取摩擦系数的最大值为0.7,摩擦角为35°.     

芦荟冷冻干燥的最佳工艺参数的试验研究

芦荟冷冻干燥工艺参数试验研究旨在确定最优的冻干工艺参数，以提高芦荟的干燥效率和改进干燥品质。通过单因素试验以及四因素五水平的二次回归正交试验，研究了冻干室压力、加热板温度、预冻降温速度和物料厚度对冻干时间的影响；建立了各因子与冻干时间关系的回归数学模型；最后利用非线性优化理论与方法，在保证芦荟干燥品质的前提下，得到了芦荟(厚度6～9 mm)冷冻干燥的最佳工艺参数为：干燥室压力108 Pa，加热板温度38～39℃，降温速率-0.47～-0.35℃/min，干燥时间为6～7 h。     

次降雨土壤吸收量推算方法研究

采用两种方法确定一次降雨渗透到土壤中的水量。①利用实验资料建立降雨与渗透深度相关计算区域降雨渗透量；利用改进的Gree—Ampt积水入渗模型进行降水入渗量的计算。文中利用两种方法进行了对比分析，结果基本可靠，可作为区域降雨土壤吸收量的估算。     

连栋塑料温室喷雾降温及外遮荫降温试验研究

为解决夏季温室高温、高湿问题,在温室喷雾水膜降温的基础上,直接在内遮荫幕上做喷雾降温试验,并与外遮荫降温系统进行比较。试验结果表明:单独采用内遮荫幕系统可使室内气温比外界低1℃左右;采用在内遮荫幕上喷雾降温,室内气温比室外可低2°～3℃;采用外遮荫降温系统可使室内温度比室外低3°～4℃。     

紫花苜蓿常压热风干燥试验研究

以紫花苜蓿为研究对象,在牧草薄层干燥实验台上研究苜蓿的干燥特性和干燥条件对其品质的影响规律。试验结果表明:干燥温度与表现风速对苜蓿干燥速率呈正相关性;苜蓿湿基含水率在大于40%～45%左右时,其干燥速率较高;压扁处理的茎秆比未压扁茎秆的干燥速度快1.5～2倍,且营养成分的偏差不显著;为了获得高质量的干草,适宜条件为热风温度在190℃～200℃,表现风速在0.2～0.3m/s。