瑞丽主要外来入侵植物

瑞丽市共有外来入侵植物42种,分析了其生长型、入侵生境和危害情况,依据入侵植物在当地的分布范围及在生境中的优势度,将其危害等级划分为3级,Ⅰ级危害植物9种,Ⅱ级8种,Ⅲ级25种,重点介绍了危害最严重的9种Ⅰ级外来入侵植物的危害情况,外来入侵植物的生态负面影响随着瑞丽自然生态系统的破坏、生物多样性的减少而增大,特别是对郁闭度小的人工林和人为干扰严重的生态系统影响较大;主要外来入侵植物的入侵随着海拔的上升其种类和数量相对减少,危害程度也减小;草本和藤本植物具有较强的入侵能力,乔木的入侵能力小,造成的危害程度也较小.     

Interference between Avena sterilis, Phalaris minor and five barley cultivars

Field experiments were carried out in Northern Greece from 1994 to 1997 to study interference between Avena sterilis L. or Phalaris minor Retz. and five autumn-sown barley cultivars. Weed:crop interference began in early April. Avena sterilis at 120 plants m⁻² showed greater interference against barley than P. minor at 400 plants m⁻². The greatest grain yield and ear number reduction due to interference by either weed was recorded for cvs Klipper and Plaisant, and the least for cv. Athinaida; with cvs Carina and Thermi intermediate. Yield reduction due to A. sterilis for cvs Athinaida, Carina, Thermi, Klipper and Plaisant was 8, 16, 27, 61 and 67%, respectively, while corresponding losses to P. minor were 1, 8, 14, 45 and 55%. These results clearly indicate that growth and consequently yield components of cv. Athinaida were unaffected by the presence of either weed species, while those of cv. Carina were affected by A. sterilis , but not by P. minor . However, dry weight and panicle number of both weed species were severely reduced by interference with cvs Carina, Athinaida and Thermi compared with cvs Klipper and Plaisant. The order of interference of the five barley cultivars tested against A. sterilis and P. minor was Athinaida > Carina > Thermi > Klipper ≥ Plaisant.     

28种除草剂对大豆的安全性及药害研究初报

28种除草剂对大豆安全性田间试验结果表明 ,适用于大豆田使用的几种除草剂中 ,广灭灵、施田补和氟乐灵在推荐剂量下应用对大豆安全 ;精禾草克、拿捕净和威霸使用推荐量或加倍量对大豆均安全 ;赛克、速收、乙草胺、都尔和普乐宝在正常剂量和正常气候条件下对大豆安全 ,药后低温多雨或土壤湿度大时会产生一定程度的药害 ;豆磺隆、宝收、阔草清、2 ,4 -滴丁酯作土壤处理时对大豆安全 ,而作茎叶处理时会产生药害 ;茎叶处理剂虎威、杂草焚、克阔乐、利收、普施特、金豆等 ,正常剂量下也有产生药害 ,但可以恢复正常生长 ;而百草敌、2甲 4氯、玉农乐、宝成、百农思、伴地农和阿特拉津等非适用于大豆田的除草剂 ,使用正常剂量就能使大豆产生相当程度的药害甚至死亡     

利用融合高度与单目图像特征的支持向量机模型识别杂草

除草是保证农作物高产的必要工作。针对机械化除草和智能喷药中存在的杂草识别问题,以2~5叶苗期玉米及杂草为研究对象,进行了融合高度特征与单目图像特征的杂草识别方法研究。首先从单目图像中提取16个形态特征和2个纹理特征;然后基于双目图像,提出了针对植株的高度特征提取方法,所得高度特征与实际测量值间误差在±12 mm以内;利用max-min ant system算法对形态特征进行优化选择,将形态特征减少到6个,有效减少数据量62.5%,并与纹理和高度特征进行融合;将2~5叶玉米幼苗的可除草期划分为3个阶段,分别构建融合高度特征与单目图像特征的SVM识别模型,并与相应不含高度特征模型进行对比。经测试,3个阶段模型的识别准确率分别为96.67%,100%,98.33%;平均识别准确率达98.33%。不含高度特征模型的识别准确率分别为93.33%,91.67%,95%;平均识别准确率为93.33%。结果表明,融合高度特征与单目图像特征的SVM识别模型优于不含高度特征模型,平均识别准确率提高了5百分点。该方法实现了高准确率的杂草识别,研究结果为农业精确除草的发展提供参考。     

Current status of biological control of paddy weeds in Vietnam

Rice is a staple food in Vietnam and accounts for > 7.7 × 10⁶ cultivated ha, which provide 35.5 × 10⁶ t of rice, of which 4.2 × 10⁶ t were exported in 2004. The enlargement of the cropping area and the enhancement of rice yield have rapidly increased the amount of agrochemicals, including herbicides, in crop production in Vietnam. From 1990–2003, the percentage of herbicides in total pesticides has increased ≈ 10-fold to 30.2%. In addition, the improper use of herbicides caused environmental hazards, unsafe agricultural products, and human health problems. Biological management integrated with traditional weed control techniques might help to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides and build eco-friendly, sustainable agricultural production in Vietnam. This paper reviews the efforts in establishing a strategy for biological management of weeds that was conducted in recent years by Vietnamese weed scientists. This has included cropping system management, water and soil management, integrated pest management, and utilization of plant allelopathy as major components of the strategy. Many plants with strong allelopathic potential can be a source for biological weed suppression and soil fertility improvement. The utilization of allelopathic properties in rice might also help to provide new rice cultivars with weed-suppressing characteristics.     

Plant invasiveness and target plant density: high densities of native Schima wallichii seedlings reduce negative effects of invasive Ageratina adenophora

Economically feasible strategies to cope with invasive species are urgently needed. Plant density can be increased to reduce competitive effects on target plants. This study indicates that increasing native plant density can be used to reduce the effect of invasive Ageratina adenophora. Seedlings of an indigenous tree species, Schima wallichii, were grown in pots containing uninvaded or invaded soil, with or without A. adenophora leaf litter on the soil surface. Schima wallichii seedlings were also grown at four densities under four levels of A. adenophora leaf litter. Root and shoot biomass and length were measured as response parameters in both bioassays. Schima wallichii growth was inhibited by A. adenophora leaf litter and invaded soil. High litter levels reduced S. wallichii root length and dry weight at low plant densities. The inhibition disappeared at high S. wallichii plant densities. As A. adenophora did not inhibit S. wallichii growth at high plant densities, adjustments of seedling density should be studied as a possible management strategy for invasion by A. adenophora and potentially by other exotic plant species. As density‐dependent growth inhibition is the key characteristic of chemical interference, we propose that phytotoxins contribute to A. adenophora invasion particularly at low densities of native seedlings.     

牧草引种与外来杂草入侵研究

介绍了生物入侵的概念、牧草引种及其带来的杂草入侵现状,列举了较大危害的外来杂草种类及危害,提出了牧草引种造成杂草入侵的原因和预防对策。     

耙压式除草轮与水田土壤作用的流固耦合仿真分析及验证

为探明水稻机械除草过程中,除草轮的工作阻力大小变化及水田土壤的动态行为,该文利用ANSYS软件的显式动力分析模块LS-DYNA对耙压式除草轮在水田环境下的作业过程进行仿真分析。采用ALE(Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler)多物质耦合算法建立了土壤-水两物质耦合有限元模型;运用流固耦合算法分析除草轮与土壤-水模型的相互作用过程。采用有交互作用的正交试验方法选取土壤种类、水层厚度和除草轮旋转速度3个因素进行仿真试验分析,得到各因素及其一级交互作用对除草轮和土壤-水模型的耦合应力和土壤扰动率的影响规律。利用多目标优化设计方法综合评判仿真试验结果,综合评分结果表明,在不同的土壤工作环境下,除草轮在水层厚度为60mm、转速为160r/min的作业条件下均可获得较优的工作性能。影响除草轮和土壤-水模型耦合应力的因素主次顺序为:土壤种类水层厚度土壤种类×水层厚度土壤种类×除草轮转速除草轮转速水层厚度×除草轮转速。影响土壤扰动率的因素主次顺序为:土壤种类除草轮转速土壤种类×水层厚度土壤种类×除草轮转速水层厚度水层厚度×除草轮转速。为验证仿真结果,进行了田间试验和土槽试验,根据仿真所得耦合应力值推导出除草轮所受土壤反作用力扭矩值,与田间实测值相对误差为8.84%;仿真所得土壤扰动率与土槽试验实测值相对误差为9.86%;仿真所得综合评分结果与试验综合评分结果相对误差为7.02%。仿真分析结果可为轻简式水稻除草机应用在不同稻区的田间作业参数提供参考。     

Effects of isothiocyanates on purple (Cyperus rotundus L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.)

Purple and yellow nutsedge are two of the most troublesome weeds in the world. In the south-eastern USA, both weeds are common in vegetable crops and are the most difficult weeds to control in this region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the herbicidal activity of five liquid isothiocyanates (ITCs) (benzoyl, o -tolyl, m -tolyl, tert -octyl, and 3-fluorophenyl) on purple and yellow nutsedge. All ITCs were applied to soil in jars at 0, 100, 1000, 5000, and 10 000 nmol g⁻¹ of soil and sealed for 72 h to prevent gaseous losses, followed by nutsedge growth evaluations after an additional 18 days. All ITCs reduced purple and yellow nutsedge shoot density and shoot biomass over the concentrations evaluated, with differences in the effectiveness on each species apparent among the compounds. Based on the lethal concentration values for shoot density, all ITCs were more effective in suppressing purple nutsedge than yellow nutsedge. Benzoyl and 3-fluorophenyl were generally the most effective of the five ITCs evaluated.     

Weed control and yield response to mesotrione in maize (Zea mays)

Mesotrione has recently been registered for weed control in maize in Ontario, Canada; however, there is still little information on the doses required to provide 90% control for the complete spectrum of broadleaved weeds that the product controls. Our objective was to determine mesotrione doses that would provide at least 90% control of four economically important weeds, without impacting final maize yield by more than 5% in comparison to a weed-free control. Sixteen field trials were conducted at six Ontario locations in 1999–2001 to evaluate the effectiveness of mesotrione at doses ranging from 9 to 280 g ai ha⁻¹. The doses required to reduce weed biomass by at least 90% (I₉₀) varied with location and year, and for common lambsquarters and velvetleaf differed by application timing. For lambsquarters, the estimated doses required ranged from 10 to 1984 g ai ha⁻¹ for preemergence applications and 15–38 g ai ha⁻¹ for postemergence applications. Doses of 45 and 19–243 g ai ha⁻¹ were required to effectively reduce the biomass of redroot pigweed. Velvetleaf was effectively controlled preemergence with 288 g ai ha⁻¹ and postemergence with 31 g ai ha⁻¹ of mesotrione. Final maize yield was only reduced by more than 5% of a weed-free control when a dose of less than 35 g ai ha⁻¹ of mesotrione was applied. These results show that biologically effective weed control with reduced doses of mesotrione is possible depending on the spectrum of broadleaved weed species present in the field.