伊犁河谷大豆田杂草发生现状及防除对策

新疆伊犁河谷大豆田杂草种类有7科13种,其中发生普遍、危害严重的优势种有灰绿藜、田旋花、稗、画眉草、金色狗尾草5种。杂草的防除,以精选种子、使用腐熟有机肥、合理栽培、轮作倒茬等农业防除措施为基础,化学防除为主要手段,可把杂草危害控制在最低程度。     

70%苯嘧磺草胺WDG防除免耕地杂草效果及对后茬安全性

70%苯嘧磺草胺WDG与41%草甘膦AS混用,速效性较好,持效期较长,对未出土的杂草有一定封闭作用;70%苯嘧磺草胺WDG 21～42 a.i.g/hm2＋41%草甘膦AS 1 230 a.i.g/hm2在免耕地除草后,对后茬直播油菜有一定影响,应进一步试验验证,但对后茬移栽油菜、直播小麦影响较小,可以示范推广应用。     

施肥模式对晚稻田杂草群落的影响

【目的】长期不合理施化肥对生态环境的影响已经引起学者和公众的关注,有机肥的施用越来越受到重视。揭示有机肥对农田杂草群落影响的机制、预测有机农业环境下杂草群落的演替趋势十分困难。本文对比研究不同施肥模式下农田杂草的群落特征,探索晚稻田杂草群落结构演变趋势,以期为现代农业中有机肥的合理施用和农田生物多样性保护提供科学依据。【方法】通过田间长期定位施肥试验,运用群落生态学方法研究了晚稻种植季五种施肥处理区杂草群落的结构特征及其生物多样性。在每个小区随机设置5个面积为0.25 m2的样方,记录各样方内杂草物种种类、每个种类杂草的数量,调查杂草的盖度与频度;测定稻谷理论产量;使用照度计测量地表与水稻冠层顶部的光照强度,计算光照透过率;测定耕作层土壤的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量。计算杂草的重要值,采用物种丰富度(S)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H)测定杂草群落的生物多样性;以15个处理小区中的11种常见杂草的重要值构成原始数据矩阵,应用SPSS16.0软件进行主成分分析和典范对应分析。【结果】晚稻田不同施肥处理土壤养分以及光照透过率差异显著,施有机肥的处理晚稻稻谷产量高于CK与NPK纯化肥处理。CK处理区优势种为野荸荠-节节菜-异型莎草-鸭舌草,NPK处理区优势种为双穗雀稗,NPK5/5和NPK3/7处理区优势种为双穗雀稗-鸭舌草,NPK7/3处理区优势种为双穗雀稗-鸭舌草-稗。主成分分析结果表明15个施肥处理小区的杂草群落可以分为三大类:第一类是CK处理;第二类是NPK3/7处理;第三类是NPK、NPK5/5、NPK7/3三个处理。主成分Factor 1与有机质、碱解氮以及有效磷呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与光照透过率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。典范对应分析结果显示,节节菜、野荸荠与牛毛毡比较适宜生长在CK处理区,双穗雀稗适宜在NPK7/3处理区生长,鸭舌草、陌上菜以及四叶萍适宜生长在NPK3/7处理区。有机肥处理区的物种丰富度与物种多样性指数处于NPK与CK之间,且随着有机肥比例的增加物种数增加。物种丰富度以及物种多样性指数与有机质、碱解氮以及有效磷呈极显著正的"U型"相关(P0.01),与速效钾呈显著负相关(P0.05),与群落光照条件呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。【结论】晚稻田杂草群落特征与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量以及地表光照透过率关系密切。均衡施用有机和无机肥可以显著降低杂草群落的优势种数量,将杂草群落的优势种数量以及生物多样性维持在不施肥与纯施化肥处理区之间。因此,可以通过调整有机肥的施用量来调控农田杂草生长及群落特性,实现农田杂草的科学综合管理。综合考虑晚稻稻谷产量和杂草群落生物多样性状况,NPK3/7(化肥30%+有机肥70%)施肥模式既可以保证作物的优质高产,也可以较好地维持杂草群落的生物多样性。     

Root-nodule bacteria from indigenous legumes in the north-west of Western Australia and their interaction with exotic legumes

Bacteria were isolated from root-nodules collected from indigenous legumes at 38 separate locations in the Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of Western Australia. Authentication of cultures resulted in 31 being ascribed status as root-nodule bacteria based upon their nodulation of at least one of eight indigenous legume species. The authenticated isolates originated from eight legume genera from 19 sites. Isolates were characterised on the basis of their growth and physiology; 20 isolates were fast-growing and 11 were slow-growing (visible growth within 3 and 7 d, respectively). Fast-growers were isolated from Acacia, Isotropis, Lotus and Swainsona, whilst slow-growers were from Muelleranthus, Rhynchosia and Tephrosia. Indigofera produced one fast-growing isolate and seven slow-growing isolates. Three indigenous legumes (Swainsona formosa, Swainsona maccullochiana and Swainsona pterostylis) nodulated with fast-growing isolates and four species (Acacia saligna, Indigofera brevidens, Kennedia coccinea and Kennedia prorepens) nodulated with both fast- and slow-growing isolates. Swainsona kingii did not form nodules with any isolates. Fast-growing isolates were predominantly acid-sensitive, alkaline- and salt-tolerant. All slow-growing isolates grew well at pH 9.0 whilst more than half grew at pH 5.0, but all were salt-sensitive. All isolates were able to grow at 37 °C. The fast-growing isolates utilised disaccharides, whereas the slow-growing isolates did not. Symbiotic interactions of the isolates were assessed on three annual, one biennial and nine perennial exotic legume species that have agricultural use, or potential use, in southern Australia. Argyrolobium uniflorum, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Ononis natrix, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sutherlandia microphylla nodulated with one or more of the authenticated isolates. Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa, Ornithopus sativus, Ornithopus compressus, Trifolium burchellianum, Trifolium polymorphum and Trifolium uniflorum did not form nodules. Investigation of the 31 authenticated isolates by polymerase chain reaction with three primers resulted in the RPO1 primer distinguishing 20 separate banding patterns, while ERIC and PucFor primers distinguished 26 separate banding patterns. Sequencing the 16S rRNA gene for four fast- and two slow-growing isolates produced the following phylogenetic associations; WSM1701 and WSM1715 (isolated from Lotus cruentus and S. pterostylis, respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium meliloti, WSM1707 and WSM1721 (isolated from Sinorhizobium leeana and Indigofera sp., respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium terangae, WSM1704 (isolated from Tephrosia gardneri) shared 99% sequence homology with Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and WSM1743 (isolated from Indigofera sp.) displayed 99% homology with Bradyrhizobium japonicum.     

浅谈草坪杂草的防治

初步探讨了草坪建植和管理中杂草防治的方法和取得的效果,并提出杂草的防治要以预防为主,综合治理的生态观点。     

Development of arable weed seedbanks during the 6 years after the change from conventional to organic farming

All of the arable land of a farm in southern Germany was investigated during an 8-year period, starting 2 years before and ending 6 years after the change to organic farming. The first 3 years after the conversion, the total seed number in the soil increased from 4050 to 17 320 m⁻². From the fourth to the sixth year, it dropped back to 10 220 m⁻². The number of seeds increased particularly at sites with a low crop cover and a high density of weed plants at the soil surface. The increase predominantly occurring on the more fertile soils may have been caused by the rotation commencing with less competitive crops. Crops which increased the seedbank by 30–40% were winter cereals, sunflowers and lupins. Potatoes and sown fallow caused no significant change and grass–clover mixtures even reduced the number of seeds by 39%. Among 44 species occurring frequently enough for statistical analysis, 31 increased and only 3 decreased. The change of management particularly increased summer annual, perennial and dicotyledonous weeds. This can be attributed to both operations which are characteristic of organic farming (e.g. replacing herbicide applications by mechanical weed control) and to general modifications of the management practice which may also occur in non-organic farming systems (increasing the percentage of broad leaved and spring sown crops in crop rotation). The present study confirms investigations into the aboveground vegetation that indicate that arable organic farming favours plant species diversity and provides evidence that the conversion need not encourage the dominance of a few noxious weeds.