Woody and herbaceous competition effects on the growth of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines through 11 years

Four levels of vegetative competition were used to quantify the growth of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in naturally regenerated, even-aged stands on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas, USA. Treatments included: (1) no competition control, (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. After pines became established from natural seeding, herbicides were used to control herbaceous plants for 4 consecutive years and woody plants for 5 consecutive years. Even though 89% of crop pines on untreated check plots were free-to-grow 11 years after establishment, crop pines on vegetation control plots were larger (P<0.001) in mean dbh, total height, and volume per tree. From age 5 through 11 years, crop pine diameter growth increased on woody control plots and decreased on herbaceous control plots because of hardwood competition in the latter treatment. At age 11, crop pine volume production averaged 207 m³/ha on total control plots, 158 m³/ha on herbaceous control plots, 130 m³/ha on woody control plots, and 102 m³/ha on untreated check plots.     

外来植物入侵对生态安全的威胁

外来植物入侵是外来物种入侵的组成部分,也是威胁我国生态安全的重要因素之一,它改变了原有的植物种群结构,给生态环境和生物多样性造成极大的破坏,也给农林业造成了巨大的损失,直接威胁到国家生态安全。因此,加强外来植物入侵的防范和管理已是当务之急。本文简要介绍了外来入侵植物的概念、入侵途径及危害现状,并对提出了外来植物入侵的防治对策。     

威尔伯在幼林抚育中的应用研究

以红松、红皮云杉、长白落叶松造林地为对象,利用化学制剂威尔伯进行幼林抚育试验,结果表明:450 ml·hm-2剂量除草效果最差,仅有12%,在生产上无应用价值;450 ml·hm-2剂量有一定的除草效果,但不明显,持效期也短;1 125 ml·hm-2剂量无论除草效果还是除草速率都优于450 ml·hm-2和750 ml·hm-2。长白落叶松对威尔伯敏感,不能应用。化学除草抚育较人工抚育更能促进幼树生长,而且费用较低。     

辽东地区不同林型土壤理化性质研究

不同林型内土壤的理化性质存在差异,柞树林内土壤结构疏松,渗透能力强,土壤物理性质最好,其次为红松林,杂木林内最差,10～20 cm土层深度渗透速率仅为0.57 mm.min-1。从化学性质来看,阔叶树种土壤中养分含量较针叶林高,比较而言,柞树林内土壤各养分含量比杂木林内高。作为针叶树种的红松林土壤内,其速效养分含量较其他林型高。     

盐胁迫对木槿属两个外来种质生长及叶绿素含量影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同质量分数的NaCl胁迫对木槿属两个新引进植物Hibiscus‘Moy grande’、H.dasycalyx高生长、干物质量、根冠比及叶绿素含量变化等指标的影响。结果表明:4 g/kg盐处理水平时,两种材料的高生长量均与对照无显著差异,H.‘Moy grande’的干物质量积累较对照略有下降,H.dasycalyx干物质量积累则受到显著抑制(P﹤0.05);根冠比测定数据表明盐胁迫对两种材料地上部分的生长抑制强于对根系生长的抑制;盐胁迫下两种材料叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量变化趋势与单位质量叶片叶绿素含量的变化相似,均有不同程度的升高。生长指标分析结果表明H.‘Moy grande’对NaCl胁迫的抗性强于H.dasycalyx。     

外来树种马占相思自然繁殖更新研究

调查马占相思人工林的自然更新情况,在国内首次发现马占相思存在种子成苗方式的自然更新.但马占相思的自然更新受立地条件制约:只有在林缘的裸露立地条件下,马占相思的种子才能萌发成苗.马占相思16年生单株在45°扇形单方向更新扩散的最远距离为17.5 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有26株;扩散距离与扩散株数之间没有明显的相关性.1987年穴状埋根造林的马占相思,其林缘更新扩散的最远距离为10.0 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有3株;1997年穴状埋根造林的马占相思,其林缘更新扩散的最远距离为3.0 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有14株.用小样方法调查马占相思人工林下乡土乔木、灌木和草本植物的自然更新.结果表明,在马占相思林分内,共发现12种乔木树种、3种灌木树种和8种草本植物,这些乡土植物均表现为生活力强.研究结果表明,马占相思在靠近水源的裸露立地条件下可以自然更新,更新的方式为种子繁殖;马占相思不影响乡土植物的正常生长.     

Root-nodule bacteria from indigenous legumes in the north-west of Western Australia and their interaction with exotic legumes

Bacteria were isolated from root-nodules collected from indigenous legumes at 38 separate locations in the Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of Western Australia. Authentication of cultures resulted in 31 being ascribed status as root-nodule bacteria based upon their nodulation of at least one of eight indigenous legume species. The authenticated isolates originated from eight legume genera from 19 sites. Isolates were characterised on the basis of their growth and physiology; 20 isolates were fast-growing and 11 were slow-growing (visible growth within 3 and 7 d, respectively). Fast-growers were isolated from Acacia, Isotropis, Lotus and Swainsona, whilst slow-growers were from Muelleranthus, Rhynchosia and Tephrosia. Indigofera produced one fast-growing isolate and seven slow-growing isolates. Three indigenous legumes (Swainsona formosa, Swainsona maccullochiana and Swainsona pterostylis) nodulated with fast-growing isolates and four species (Acacia saligna, Indigofera brevidens, Kennedia coccinea and Kennedia prorepens) nodulated with both fast- and slow-growing isolates. Swainsona kingii did not form nodules with any isolates. Fast-growing isolates were predominantly acid-sensitive, alkaline- and salt-tolerant. All slow-growing isolates grew well at pH 9.0 whilst more than half grew at pH 5.0, but all were salt-sensitive. All isolates were able to grow at 37 °C. The fast-growing isolates utilised disaccharides, whereas the slow-growing isolates did not. Symbiotic interactions of the isolates were assessed on three annual, one biennial and nine perennial exotic legume species that have agricultural use, or potential use, in southern Australia. Argyrolobium uniflorum, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Ononis natrix, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sutherlandia microphylla nodulated with one or more of the authenticated isolates. Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa, Ornithopus sativus, Ornithopus compressus, Trifolium burchellianum, Trifolium polymorphum and Trifolium uniflorum did not form nodules. Investigation of the 31 authenticated isolates by polymerase chain reaction with three primers resulted in the RPO1 primer distinguishing 20 separate banding patterns, while ERIC and PucFor primers distinguished 26 separate banding patterns. Sequencing the 16S rRNA gene for four fast- and two slow-growing isolates produced the following phylogenetic associations; WSM1701 and WSM1715 (isolated from Lotus cruentus and S. pterostylis, respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium meliloti, WSM1707 and WSM1721 (isolated from Sinorhizobium leeana and Indigofera sp., respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium terangae, WSM1704 (isolated from Tephrosia gardneri) shared 99% sequence homology with Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and WSM1743 (isolated from Indigofera sp.) displayed 99% homology with Bradyrhizobium japonicum.     

六蕊假稻病原菌稻平脐蠕孢菌生物学特性研究

对分离自六蕊假稻的6株稻平脐蠕孢菌(Bipolaris oryzae)的培养特性和生物学特性进行研究,以便了解该菌的生长特点,为病害研究提供依据。结果表明：稻平脐蠕孢菌菌丝体对环境的要求不高,在20~35℃、pH 5~10、光照或黑暗条件下都能生长,但在25~30℃、pH 7~8、持续光照条件下,菌丝体生长速度更快。菌丝体在测试的5种糖源培养基上都能生长,但葡萄糖和麦芽糖更有利于菌丝生长。除尿素外,在硝态氮、铵态氮和铵硝态混合氮源培养基上均能正常生长,但硝态氮为氮源时菌丝体生长较快。

     

贵州主要耕作制度对胜红蓟发生危害的影响

为探索贵州主要耕作制度与胜红蓟入侵危害相关性,选择贵州主要入侵区域田块进行3年定点跟踪监测。结果表明,监测田块杂草发生种类有51种,以胜红蓟田间盖度、相对多度最高,田间盖度值为50.03～66.54,3年平均值为59.11,相对多度值为36.98～59.59,3年平均值为46.27,其发生危害远大于其他杂草,且发生危害总体保持在稳定状态。田间耕作制度长期保持单一耕作管理模式有利于胜红蓟的发生危害,建议在农业生产上适时改变耕作制度,增加更多的田间管理方式控制胜红蓟入侵危害。     

直播稻研究进展及发展对策分析

直播是一种重要的水稻种植方式,因具有省工、省时、节本和显著提高水稻种植的综合效益等优点,在国内外应用广泛。本文详述了国内外直播稻发展的研究现状和进展,介绍了生产上主要存在的湿润直播、水直播和旱直播三种种植方式。从产量、杂草防治和抗倒伏特性分析了直播稻生产上存在的主要问题,从适宜品种培育、氮肥施用、抗倒伏、杂草防治、农机农艺配套发展等方面提出了应对措施,展望了直播稻的发展趋势,以期为直播稻的高产抗倒栽培和推广应用提供参考。