Phenotypic and genotypic background underlying variations in fatty acid composition and sensory parameters in European bovine breeds

Background： Consuming moderate amounts of lean red meat as part of a balanced diet valuably contributes to intakes of essential nutrients, in this study, we merged phenotypic and genotypic information to characterize the variation in lipid profile and sensory parameters and to represent the diversity among 15 cattle populations. Correlations between fat content, organoleptic characteristics and lipid profiles were also investigated. Methods： A sample of 436 largely unrelated purebred bulls belonging to 15 breeds and reared under comparable management conditions was analyzed. Phenotypic data -including fatness score, fat percentage, individual fatty acids （FA） profiles and sensory panel tests- and genotypic information from 11 polymorphisms was used. Results： The correlation coefficients between muscle total lipid measurements and absolute vs. relative amounts of polyunsaturated FA （PUFA） were in opposite directions. Increasing carcass fat leads to an increasing amount of FAs in triglycerides, but at the same time the relative amount of PUFAs is decreasing, which is in concordance with the negative correlation obtained here between the percentage of PUFA and fat measurements, as well as the weaker correlation between total phospholipids and total lipid muscle content compared with neutral lipids. Concerning organoleptic characteristics, a negative correlation between fiavour scores and the percentage of total PUFA, particularly to n-6 fraction, was found. The correlation between juiciness and texture is higher than with flavour scores. The distribution of SNPs plotted by principal components analysis （PCA） mainly reflects their known trait associations, although influenced by their specific breed allele frequencies. Conclusions： The results presented here help to understand the phenotypic and genotypic background underlying variations in FA composition and sensory parameters between breeds. The wide range of traits and breeds studied, along with the genotypic information on polymorphisms previo     

Competitive interactions between native and exotic salmonids: a combined field and laboratory demonstration

Abstract –  We studied the impact of two exotic salmonid species (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on native brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) habitat, growth and survival. Habitat selection and vertical distribution between young-of-the-year of the three species were examined in a stream aquarium under different sympatric and allopatric combinations. In addition, similar species combinations were introduced in a Pyrenean mountain stream (southwest France) in order to extend laboratory results to growth and apparent survival. Both laboratory and field results indicated that rainbow trout significantly affected native brown trout habitat selection and apparent survival. On the contrary, brown trout habitat, growth and apparent survival were hardly affected by brook trout. These results support the idea that rainbow trout negatively influence native brown trout, and that competition could influence the outcome of fish biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems.     

Linking habitat selection, emigration and population dynamics of freshwater fishes: a synthesis of ideas and approaches

Abstract –  The consequences of individual behaviour to dynamics of populations has been a critical question in fish ecology, but linking the two has proven difficult. A modification of Sale's habitat selection model provides a conceptual linkage for relating resource availability and individual habitat selection to exploratory behaviour, emigration and population-level responses. Whole-population experiments with pupfish Cyprinodon macularius that linked all factors along this resource to population continuum lend support to this conceptual model, and illustrate that emigration may be much more common in fish populations than considered in most individual- or population-based models. Accommodating emigration can enhance the ecological appropriateness of behavioural experiments and increase confidence in extrapolation of experimental observations to population-level effects. New experimental designs and advancing technologies offer avenues for assessing population consequences of habitat selection and emigration by individual fish. Emigration often is the key linkage between individual behaviour and population responses, and greater understanding of the underlying factors affecting this often-overlooked demographic parameter could offer new approaches for management and conservation of fishes.     

Susceptibility of Brazilian populations of Diatraea saccharalis to Cry1Ab and response to selection for resistance

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), is a key pest of sugarcane and other grasses, which is a current focus of research aiming to develop transgenically resistant genotypes. However, the current susceptibility of Brazilian populations of the sugarcane borer to Bt toxins is unknown. Laboratory assays were carried out to characterize the susceptibility of sugarcane borer to the Bt toxin Cry1Ab and to select a resistant strain for additional studies on Cry1Ab resistance. Susceptibility was characterized by exposing neonates of different Brazilian colonies of sugarcane borer to different concentrations in meridic diet using surface application of Cry1Ab toxin. Selection for Cry1Ab resistance was carried out by exposing neonates to Cry1Ab-expressing maize (MON 810). The resistance of the borer populations to Cry1Ab was variable with LC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values reaching about 30-fold. The larvae responded positively to Cry1Ab selection exhibiting a 55-fold increase in resistance after four generations. This suggests the suitability of using leaves containing Bt-expressing genes for selection and the existence of variability of Bt-resistance in populations of the sugarcane borer.     

浅析冬季低温割胶与橡胶树死皮的增长

进入冬季低温期割胶是形成胶乳长流,致使橡胶树的排胶时间延长,造成排胶强度过大,橡胶树体内的大量营养物质伴随胶乳长流而流失,导致橡胶树排胶过度疲劳引起死皮增加。本文主要介绍勐腊农场对冬季低温割胶与橡胶树死皮增长的调查结果,告诫植胶者引起高度重视,决不要只顾眼前利益,而违反规程采用短期行为取胶,以免造成更大的经济损失。要正确树立遵章割胶、守规割胶意识,严格控制生产技术经济指标,才能延长橡胶树的经济寿命,获得长期持续的经济收益。     

橡胶树肌动蛋白解聚因子原核表达及纯化

本研究根据HbADF序列设计引物扩增基因的编码区,并将其插入到原核表达载体pET28a上,成功构建重组质粒pET28a-HbADF。将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)宿主菌,经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导,获得相对分子量为20 ku的融合蛋白。表达蛋白以可溶和包涵体两种形式存在,通过亲和层析方法纯化可溶蛋白并获得HbADF融合蛋白,用抗HIS标签的单抗对纯化蛋白进行了Western blot鉴定。该结果为进一步研究HbADF蛋白特性及功能奠定基础。     

橡胶树红根病病原菌rDNA-ITS序列鉴定

为了更好地对橡胶树红根病病原菌进行鉴定,从海南省和云南省发病严重的胶园采集病害样本、分离得到12个灵芝属菌株,并对其rDNA-ITS序列绘制Ganoderma属系统发育树。结果表明,采集得到的12个菌株中有11个鉴定为Ganoderma philippii、1个鉴定为G.gibbosum。     

澳洲坚果树体生物量的数学估测

以4龄、8龄、25龄H2澳洲坚果树为试材,采用个体收获法,分别采集澳洲坚果树根、茎、叶,并测其鲜重和水分系数,同时测定各龄树干周、树冠周长,分别以树龄、干周、树冠周长为自变量,树体总干重和各器官干重为因变量,用12种数学模型进行回归分析,筛选最适合数学模型及最适易测因子,为澳洲坚果树体生物量估测提供合适数学模型及参数。结果表明：①在12种数学模型中,以Richards模型R2值最大,在3种因子中,以干周为自变量的R2值最大; ②以干周(X,单位为cm)为自变量,澳洲坚果树树体总干重、根、茎、叶干重为因变量(Y,单位为kg)的Richards数学模型分别为：Y总干重＝768.304×{1＋0.376×exp[-0.066×(X－57.658)]}-2.66,Y根＝206.353×{1＋2.66×exp[-0.316×(X-59.026)]}-0.376,Y茎＝455.588×{1－0.059×exp[-0.042×(X－56.289)]}16.95,Y叶＝65.20×{1＋15.404×exp[-1.108×(X-52.856)]}-0.065。     

玉米不同基础群体选系高效测验系筛选

采用常规方法从新组配的14个Reid类F₁基础群体中选育自交系,对S₄代选系与其他三大优势类群10个骨干自交系为测验系组配成的1 902个测交组合进行田间鉴定,分析从中筛选出428个优组合的子粒产量和百粒重表现及其与选系基础群体和测验系的关系。结果表明,来源于不同基础群体和同一基础群体的不同选系与不同优势类群和同一优势类群不同测验系间测交组合的子粒产量和百粒重均存在较大差异。来源于基础群体BP5选系子粒产量和百粒重的一般配合力较高,其与测验系昌7-2间子粒产量和百粒重以及与测验系浚926间百粒重的特殊配合力均较高;BP7群体选系百粒重和子粒产量、BP6群体选系百粒重和BP9群体选系子粒产量的一般配合力均较高;BP1、BP2和BP5群体选系与测验系浚926间组合的百粒重,BP6、BP7群体选系与测验系浚926间组合子粒产量,BP4、BP5、BP10和BP12群体选系与测验系昌7-2间组合百粒重,BP2和BP10群体选系与测验系昌7-2间组合子粒产量及BP4群体选系与测验系HL02间组合子粒产量的特殊配合力均较高。昌7-2、浚926和HL02是比较适宜的高效测验系。     

稻瘟病抗性基因的克隆及应用研究进展

稻瘟病是水稻三大病害之一,每年都给水稻生产造成巨大损失,挖掘并合理利用品种自身抗性是解决稻瘟病危害的最有效途径。本文综述了水稻稻瘟病抗性基因克隆、功能标记开发以及稻瘟病抗性分子标记辅助选择育种研究进展,为进一步克隆、研究、应用稻瘟病抗性基因提供理论指导。