IGS region polymorphisms are responsible for failure of commonly used species-specific primers in Fusarium proliferatum isolates from diseased garlic

Fusarium proliferatum is a globally distributed fungal pathogen that affects a range of crop hosts and is one of the main producers of mycotoxins, such as fumonisins, in foods. Specific PCR primers are commonly used for detection and identification of this pathogen. The aim of this study was to validate previously published F. proliferatum-specific primers targeting the intergenic spacer (IGS) region and characterize intraspecific variation and homologous recombination events for isolates obtained from diseased garlic bulbs in Spain. Sixty-nine isolates were morphologically identified as F. proliferatum, and their identity was confirmed by sequencing of the translation elongation factor; however, specific IGS primers did not result in an amplification product for nine of these isolates. Further analysis showed that this was due to polymorphism in the IGS region and six isolates were classified as IGS type I, while the remaining isolates were type II. Sequencing of the complete IGS region revealed numerous sequence polymorphisms amongst F. proliferatum isolates, and regions of recombination. Duplication and deletion events may have occurred via unequal crossing over during mitotic or meiotic recombination. These results suggest that the IGS region may be too variable as a reliable target for F. proliferatum-specific identification.     

青海高原春小麦留茬高度对后茬绿肥生物量和水分利用效率的影响

采用裂区试验设计,以华北坝上及其周边寒旱区15个常规栽培品种为供试材料,设置不施氮与施氮两个水平,从块茎产量、氮吸收量、氮生物学效率、肥料氮农学效率、偏生产力、表观利用率等方面进行不同品种氮效率评价;在此基础上,采用隶属函数法对各品种进行综合氮效率鉴评与分类。结果表明：品种、施氮水平、品种×施氮水平等对马铃薯产量具有极显著的影响,在不施氮肥的条件下北方002的产量最高,为5 863 kg·hm^-2,冀张薯12号的氮素生物学效率最高,为92.10 kg·kg^-1;在施氮肥的条件下荷十五的产量最高,为8 284 kg·hm-2,V7的氮素生物学效率最高,为59.05 kg·kg^-1。15个品种在氮效率性状如地力产量、施氮肥后产量、块茎氮吸收量、肥料氮农学效率、肥料氮偏生产力、肥料氮表观利用率等方面存在宽幅变异,变幅范围为21%~58%。在未施氮肥条件下,马铃薯不同品种产量（Y）与块茎含氮量（X）呈极显著负相关,Y=-0.0019X+22.045（R²=0.6269^**）;在施氮条件下,产量与块茎含氮量无显著相关,而肥料氮表观利用率（Y）与肥料氮偏生产力（X）之间呈极显著正相关,Y=1.617X-21.784（R²=0.7465^**）。隶属函数分析表明,荷十五、希森6号与斯凡特（F8）具有较高的综合氮效率,可作为氮高效品种应用于生产或作为氮高效种质材料。     

Effects of uniconazole with or without micronutrient on the lignin biosynthesis,lodging resistance,and winter wheat production in semiarid regions

Lodging stress results in grain yield and quality reduction in wheat. Uniconazole, a potential plant growth regulator significantly enhances lignin biosynthesis and thus provides mechanical strength to plants in order to cope with lodging stress. A field study was conducted during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons, to investigate the effects of uniconazole sole application or with micronutrient on the lignin biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and production of winter wheat. In the first experiment, uniconazole at concentrations of 0(CK), 15(US1), 30(US2), and 45(US3) mg L~(-1)was applied as sole seed soaking, while in the second experiment with manganese(Mn) at concentration of 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn, 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+ 15 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS1), 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+30 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS2), and 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+45 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS3), respectively. Uniconazole sole application or with micronutrient significantly increased the lignin content by improving the lignin-related enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, tyrosine ammonialyase, and peroxidase, ameliorating basal internode characteristics, and breaking strength. The spike length, spike diameter, spikes/plant, weight/spike, yield/spike, and grain yield increased and then decreased with uniconazole application at a higher concentration, where their maximum values were recorded with UMS2 and US2 treatments. The lignin accumulation was positively correlated with lignin-related enzyme activities and breaking strength while, negatively correlated with lodging rate. Uniconazole significantly improved the lignin biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and grain yield of winter wheat and the treatments which showed the greatest effects were uniconazole seed soaking with micronutrient at a concentration of 30 mg L~(-1)and 0.06 g L~(-1), and uniconazole sole seed soaking at a concentration of 30 mg L~(-1).     

贵州民族茶文化生态旅游开发的思考

贵州用茶历史悠久,随着农业产业化发展,成为全国茶园面积最大的省份,同时贵州作为山 地省份,不同少数民族世代居住其间,在劳动、生活中形成了丰富多彩的用茶习俗与文化,随着农业产 业融合发展,旅游供给侧改革的兴起,利用好贵州茶与民族茶文化资源成为旅游发展新的课题,本文 针对贵州民族茶文化的特点进行梳理,对民族茶文化资源的利用进行思考,为文化生态旅游发展提供 参考。     

试论黑龙江省乡村建设中少数民族传统艺术图案的应用研究

黑龙江省聚集了诸多的少数民族,为我国古文明的发展做出了重要贡献。本文从黑龙江省 少数民族传统艺术图案特点、元素出发,分析少数民族传统艺术图案在黑龙江省乡村建设中的作用以 及具体应用。     

When land,water and green‐grabbing cumulate: Hydropower expansion,livelihood resource reallocation and legitimisation in southwest China

Hundreds of hydropower dam projects, of all sizes, have been initiated in Yunnan Province, China, since the late 1990s. This paper frames hydropower‐driven resource reallocations as resource grabs that combine aspects of land, water and green‐grabbing, investigating how two dams built along the Red River have impacted local communities and how corporate and governmental stakeholders have viewed local livelihood changes and considered compensation mechanisms. This research documents how hydropower expansion triggers changes in both land and water availability, in turn depriving riverside communities of a wide range of intersecting livelihood benefits. Villagers were compensated for some losses, but in ways that failed to address how impacts accumulated over time and how hydrologic changes would impact overall livelihood activities. Financial compensation and specific environmental and modernisation agendas legitimised resource reallocations together with the provincial, national and global development campaigns driving them. Considering how different actors experience, frame and address the impacts of hydropower development through a resource‐grabbing lens elucidates the compartmentalised approaches of distant hydropower actors as well as scholars. This study answers recent calls to mobilise the scholarship on resource‐grabbing in the service of shedding light on the socio‐political projects driving resource reallocations and their livelihood impacts.     

广西民族地区农业文化遗产保护性开发研究——基于韩国的保护与管理经验

在韩国的农业文化遗产保护性工作中,其政策扶持体系扮演着至关重要的角色,责任清晰的属地管理、农业文化遗产的动态保护与多功能利用等机制对广西加强农业文化遗产保护和开发有着重要的借鉴意义。文章介绍了韩国重要农业和渔业遗产系统实践并总结吸取其有益经验,同时分析了广西民族地区农业文化遗产发展现状,重点从完善保护机制、合理划分责任(政府、社会、个人责任)、强调活态的文化遗产保护等方面提出建议。     

历史不能臆说——也谈周氏兄弟的“失和”原因

水资源作为典型的公共品具有很强的外溢性，而且其外溢性具有单向流动的特征，围绕水资源生态补偿引发的流域上下游地方政府间矛盾日益突显。基于演化博弈理论，分析我国跨区域上下游地方政府的博弈过程以及影响因素。研究表明，流域上下游地方政府达成合作的局面长期内主要受上游地方政府惩罚值、下游地方政府惩罚值、下游地方政府对上游地方政府的补偿收益以及上游地方政府保护水资源的成本等四个方面因素影响，而与下游地方政府因水资源受到保护而获得生态收益无关。高层级政府解决水资源补偿问题时，不能仅考虑下游地方政府获得生态收益，而应该综合考虑上游地方政府惩罚值、下游地方政府惩罚值、下游地方政府对上游地方政府的补偿收益以及上游地方政府保护水资源的成本等多方面因素。     

基于县域尺度的粮食主产区耕地压力空间分异及其影响因子实证研究与预警

基于县域尺度对中国粮食主产区157个产粮大县(含县级市、市辖区、自治县、旗、自治旗)2000—2015年的耕地压力空间属性及其影响因子进行实证研究,并运用GM(1,1)模型对其2016—2030年的耕地压力进行拟合、预测。结果显示,157个产粮大县的耕地负荷较重,但随着粮食单产水平的不断提升,157个产粮大县的总体耕地压力指数由2000年的0.88下降到了2015年的0.66。截至2015年,研究对象中共99个产粮大县处于安全压力区,20个产粮大县处于潜在压力区,31个产粮大县处于轻度压力区,而江苏省邳州市,四川省安岳县、简阳市、宣汉县、岳池县、南部县、资中县7个产粮大县处于中度压力区,存在潜在耕地压力风险。157个产粮大县的耕地压力空间分异显著,马太效应增强,呈南高北低、西高东低态势。研究期内,总体耕地压力承载系数持续减小,耕地压力敏感系数波动显著,呈“W”形波动态势。在不考虑严重自然灾害的情况下预测到2030年157个产粮大县的耕地压力将进一步缓解。建立耕地压力变动影响因素模型,实证分析了耕地质量、化肥投入、种植结构、城镇化水平、农民收入等因素对耕地压力变动的显著影响,认为改良种植结构、改善耕地质量、提高粮食单产仍是缓解耕地压力的重要途径。     

我国少数民族传统体育的内涵与发展 ——基于文化多样性、价值多元化的视角

通过文献资料、逻辑演绎、综合分析等方法考察了我国少数民族传统体育当前发展面临的深层问题；剖析了少数民族传统体育的文化内涵和价值底蕴。探讨了全球化背景下，文化多样性、价值多元化给民族传统体育带来的机遇与挑战，旨在寻求民族传统体育特色发展之路。