香溪河消落带人工构建与自然恢复植物群落的差异性

三峡工程修建后所形成的大幅度、反季节水位消涨节律使得库区消落带植物群落及其生态功能严重退化,积极开展消落带植物群落的生态恢复有利于改善库区的生态环境。以香溪河消落带为例,通过对人工恢复地和自然恢复地植物群落的野外调查,研究了不同恢复模式下植物群落的物种组成与结构、物种多样性以及群落生物量特征,以客观评价不同模式对植物群落恢复的影响。结果显示:(1)人工与自然恢复模式下的消落带均形成了以1年生和多年生草本为主的植物群落,其中人工恢复样地中共有草本48种、灌木6种,自然恢复样地中有草本42种,无灌乔木分布;(2)人工恢复地植物群落的物种多样性略高于自然恢复地,自然恢复地植物群落的物种多样性随海拔梯度的增加呈先增加、后减少的变化趋势,而人工恢复地因在消落带上引入了灌木物种呈先增加、后减少、再增加的趋势,植物群落组成在不同海拔梯度也呈相应的变化;(3)2种恢复模式下植物群落生物量均随着海拔梯度的增加而逐步增加,但人工恢复地草本植物群落的生物量显著高于自然恢复地,其中总平均生物量高出27.5%,海拔145 m及165 m处的生物量分别高出62.7%和69.4%。实验表明,人工恢复通过引入灌木物种和增播草本植物,在一定程度加快了消落带的恢复进程,增强了植物群落的稳定性。     

苹果根域调控对土壤理化性质和根系生长的影响

为揭示根域调控技术促进根系生长的原理,进一步完善根域调控技术体系,以12年生大田盛果期‘红富士/平邑甜茶’苹果树（Malus ´ domestica Borkh.‘Red Fuji’/M. hupehensis Rehd.）为试材,分析了“砖土缓冲系统”和“混合土系统”两种根域调控处理下根域土壤的物理性状、土壤肥力、土壤相关酶活性、根系活力、根系构型等的变化差异情况。结果表明：与正常的施肥管理相比,根域调控处理能够显著降低0 ~ 40 cm根系集中分布层土壤的容重,增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤田间持水量及干旱时期土壤含水量;提高土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾的含量,且在处理后3年期间一直保持较高的土壤肥力;根域调控还可提高果树根系活力,增加根系密度,尤其以0 ~ 1 mm径级的生长根增加最为明显。与混合土系统相比,砖土缓冲系统通过砖的吸水保湿性,改善了周围混合土的环境,对土壤和根系的改良效果进一步提高。     

地表高程测量仪及其在湿地监测研究中的应用

湿地地表高程变化的测量对于预测海平面相对上升对红树林的影响、研究植物对湿地沉积过程的影响以及浅层沉陷的研究很有帮助。由美国地质调查局发明的地表高程测量仪能够在湿地生态系统中测量沉积物高程变化。由于其易于掌握、测量数据精确、携带轻便等特点, 是监测泥沙淤积和地表沉降特征的理想工具。文中主要介绍地表高程测量仪的结构、类型、测量方法, 展望其在我国湿地监测中的应用前景, 同时还与其他的测量方法进行了比较。利用地表高程测量仪结合水平标志层法能够获取湿地地表沉降速率和湿地浅层沉陷速率, 有助于了解湿地的保护与管理现状, 预测湿地演化及植被演替趋势, 为湿地生态系统的保护、恢复与合理利用提供参考数据。     

阿岗水库岩溶发育规律分析

以曲靖市阿岗水库为背景,分析了岩溶地区岩溶分布,结合钻探、物探及连通实验等手段,论述了岩溶地区岩溶的发育规律。坝址区以碳酸盐岩为主,区内岩溶发育,断裂构造十分发育,工程地质条件复杂,通过对多年勘察资料的分析,结合区域岩溶发育情况,着重论述坝址区的岩溶发育规律。     

山东省经济开发区土地集约利用评价研究

我国开发区土地利用粗放现象较为严重,土地集约利用意义重大。该研究基于发展方向区的划定,更加全面地评价土地集约利用程度,并进行了对开发区土地利用集约度与不同空间尺度区域经济发展的相关性分析。结果表明,开发区主区集约利用水平大都高于发展方向区,开发区土地集约利用水平与区域经济发展水平有一定的联系,但不存在显著的相关性。基于此,应继续加大开发区主区的内涵挖潜,重点开发发展方向区,并且不断改善土地利用状况和提高管理水平,增强土地集约利用与区域经济发展间的联系。     

萨热克矿区可饮用水质分析与评价

概述了萨热克铜矿区的概况,介绍了该矿区含水层的分布特征,对东部竖井、卓尤勒苏河、明哲勒赫溪、ZK010等钻孔水质进行了分析。结果表明:ZK413的地下水氯化物、硫酸盐、溶解性总固体、总硬度超标,ZK3601的氯化物和ZK502的总硬度和硫酸盐超标,不符合生活用水的国家标准,是不可饮用的地下水资源,其余地下水和地表水基本符合生活饮用水标准,属于可饮用水资源范围。     

浏阳植烟区土壤主要养分的空间分布及管理分区

为实现浏阳植烟区烤烟养分精准管理,采用地统计学和模糊c均值聚类相结合的方法,研究浏阳植烟区土壤主要养分的空间分布和精准分区。结果表明:浏阳植烟区土壤主要养分指标均为中等程度变异,各项指标均表现为中等的空间相关性,其空间变异同时受结构性因素和随机性因素的影响。其中,土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量的均值分别为5.69、29.30g/kg、145.11mg/kg和206.33mg/kg,属中等水平;约有20%的面积土壤速效钾缺乏。全氮和有效磷含量均值分别为1.74g/kg和42.37mg/kg,分别属高和极高水平。浏阳植烟区可划分为高氮高磷低钾,高氮高磷钾素中等,适氮高磷钾素中等3个养分管理分区,3个分区间有机质、全氮(g/kg)、碱解氮和速效钾含量差异显著或极显著。     

Altitudinal changes of surface pollen and vegetation on the north slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains,China

To provide information on vegetation patterns and altitudinal distributions of pollen assemblage in surface soil layers,their complicated relationships in a dryland mountain-basin system in northwestern China and a realistic basis for paleovegetational reconstruction,we investigated 86 vegetation quadrats and analyzed 80 soil samples from the surface soil layers along an altitudinal transect on the north slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains from alpine cushion vegetation at 3,510 m near glacier to desert vegetation at 460 m in the Gurbantunggut Desert.According to surface pollen assemblages and the results of the detrended correspondence analysis,the transect can be divided into six major altitudinal pollen zones as alpine cushion vegetation,alpine and subalpine meadows,montane Picea forest,forest-steppe ecotone,Artemisia desert and typical desert,which basically reflect the characteristics of the mountainous vegetation patterns on the north slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains.However,Picea pollen also exists outside the spruce forest,Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia pollen appeared above the elevation of 1,300 m,indicating that most of them might be introduced from lower elevations by upslope winds.Airborne pollen researches from three regions at different elevations further suggest that a high-frequency northwest anabatic wind has a remarkable influence on the transportation and dispersion of surface pollen in the area.     

Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in shoots of two typical shrubs in the southern Mu Us Sandy Land,China

Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii are two typical shrubs in the southern Mu Us Sandy Land of China which are threatened by increasing water deficits related to climate change and large-scale human activities(e.g. coal mining and oil exploitation). In this study, we assessed their vulnerability to xylem embolism and the related anatomical traits in two-year-old regenerated shoots of these two shrubs to understand how they cope with drought environment. We also evaluated the in situ hydraulic safety margins to hydraulic failure from measurements of annual predawn and midday leaf water potentials. The results showed that S. psammophila stems had a higher water transport capacity than C. korshinskii stems. The stem xylem water potentials at 12%, 50% and 88% loss of conductivity were –1.11, –1.63 and –2.15 MPa in S. psammophila, respectively, and –1.37, –2.64 and –3.91 MPa in C. korshinskii, respectively. This suggested that C. korshinskii was more resistant to cavitation than S. psammophila. Compared with S. psammophila, C. korshinskii had shorter maximum vessel length, lower vessel density, smaller conductive area and higher wood density, which may contribute to its more resistant xylem. The in situ hydraulic safety margins indicated that even during the driest periods, both shrubs lived well above the most critical embolism thresholds, and the hydraulic safety margin was wider in C. korshinskii than in S. psammophila, suggesting that the regenerated shoots of both shrubs could function normally and C. korshinskii had greater hydraulic protection. These results provide the basis for an in-depth understanding of the survival, growth and functional behavior of these two shrubs under harsh and dry desert environments.     

北海市银滩土地利用演变特征及其影响因素

[目的]针对北海市银滩海岸近些年土地利用巨变、生态环境退化的现象,分析区域土地利用演变特征及其影响因子,为该区可持续开发与管理提供科学依据。[方法]基于长时间序列Landsat遥感影像,采用土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、强度及多样性指数等指标分析北海银滩滨海区土地利用演变特征,并讨论土地利用变化的主要影响因子。[结果]1979—2013年的35a间,银滩滨海区建设用地、人工湿地面积显著增加,并且主要是由耕地、林地转入而来,从而导致耕地和林地面积显著减少,草地、水域和滩涂面积增减变化幅度相对较小。区域土地利用综合程度先增大后减小,但开发强度却一直在增大;多样性指数在2000年年前较为稳定,之后显著下降。银滩滨海区土地利用演变主要受气温、台风、潮汐等气候因子和城市化、围垦、渔业、旅游业和规划管理等人类活动因子综合影响。[结论]近35a来,银滩海岸土地利用类型趋向单一化,开发速率减小但开发强度增大,空间分布破碎化,区域生态系统脆弱性增强。研究时段内,人类活动因子影响比气候因子更显著,各驱动因子影响物理机制及其定量化贡献亟待进一步研究。