L-精氨酸对冬季低温下产蛋初期攸县麻鸭产蛋、 血液指标和肝脏抗氧化功能的影响

为了考察冬季低温下不同L-精氨酸添加水平对产蛋初期攸县麻鸭产蛋、血液指标和肝脏抗氧化功能的影响。选择90日龄体重相近的健康攸县麻鸭240只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复10只,饲养温度为冬季低温,分别饲喂L-精氨酸添加量为0.0%(CK)、0.2%(Ⅰ组)、0.5%(Ⅱ组)和0.8%(Ⅲ组)的基础饲粮,试验期42 d。试验结果表明,Ⅱ组显著提高了第2周、第3周、第4周和全期产蛋率(P0.05);各组之间肝脏、肾脏重量均无显著差异(P0.05);相对于对照组,Ⅰ组显著降低血清中尿酸含量(P0.05),Ⅱ组球蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05),Ⅲ组显著降低血清中直接胆红素的浓度(P0.05);与对照组与相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肝脏中CAT、SOD含量均显著升高(P0.05),MDA含量则显著降低(P0.05)。综合分析,冬季低温下添加0.568%~0.593%的L-精氨酸有利于提高产蛋初期攸县麻鸭产蛋率,提高肝脏组织的抗氧化能力,改善肝脏功能。     

Aspergillus oryzae reduces IgE binding ability of allergenic egg white proteins

Egg white proteins are one of the major allergens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae cultivation on IgE binding ability of egg white proteins. Effect of A. oryzae on egg white proteins was determined using ninhydrin method, SDS-PAGE, ELISA, fluorescence FITC labeling, MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis. Adding mycelium of A. oryzae ATCC 1011 and 16868 substantially reduced the IgE binding ability of acidified egg white after 24 h incubation. The binding capacity of egg white proteins to IgE in plasma from four egg allergy patients was almost completely lost after incubation with mycelium of ATCC 16868. Results from SDS-PAGE, free amino acid analysis, MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS indicated that there was no substantial protein degradation during incubation. Therefore, the reduction of IgE binding ability of egg white proteins during A. oryzae treatment was probably due to a loss of ~1700 Da mass including a fragment of the ovomucoid N terminus.     

田间玉米植株上桃蛀螟卵的空间分布

田间调查了桃蛀螟卵在玉米植株上的空间分布,发现桃蛀螟卵主要产于叶片正面基部附近(叶鞘顶端和叶腋),其次在叶鞘和雌穗苞叶上,花丝和叶片其他位置卵量最少。桃蛀螟卵主要分布于玉米植株中上部,雌穗节上1~2节(倒6节和倒7节)卵量最大。     

哈尔滨市郊区亚洲玉米螟发生规律与卵块空间分布研究

通过田间玉米罩笼观察法研究了亚洲玉米螟在哈尔滨市郊区的发生规律和其卵块在玉米植株上的分布特点。结果表明,该地区为一、二代亚洲玉米螟混合发生区,有10%左右个体发生二代。越冬代化蛹盛期为6月下旬,化蛹持续时间为54~58d。越冬代成虫盛发高峰期为7月初,羽化期为45~52d。一代卵出现的始盛期为6月末,高峰期为7月上旬,产卵期约为40d。二代产卵高峰期为8月上旬末,产卵期约为20d。一代卵孵化率显著高于二代卵,卵粒被寄生率和被捕食率均明显低于于二代卵。随着玉米植株的生长,成虫有向玉米植株上部集中产卵的趋势,前期羽化的越冬代成虫产卵高度主要集中在1.2~1.6m,主要分布在玉米上部第3~6片叶上,后期羽化的成虫产卵高度主要集中在1.8m以上,主要分布在玉米上部第1~4片叶上,一代卵在玉米植株0.8m以下高度没有分布。二代卵块分布较一代卵块分散,产卵高度较一代卵有所降低。亚洲玉米螟卵块主要分布在玉米叶背近中脉2cm内,距叶腋20~50cm处。研究结果对当地开展玉米螟的测报调查和释放赤眼蜂防治玉米螟具有重要指导意义。     

Impact of supplementing diets with propolis on productive performance,egg quality traits and some haematological variables of laying hens

One hundred and twenty eight, 28‐weeks‐old Lohmann LSL hybrid layers were used in this experiment, which lasted 12 weeks to investigate the effect of propolis supplementation on the productive performance, egg quality traits and haematological variables of laying hens. All hens were randomly classified into four equal experimental groups, eight replicates (4 birds/each). Hens in group 1 were fed on a commercial diet and considered as control group, while those in groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed on the same commercial diet and supplemented with 250, 500 and 1000 mg propolis/kg diet. The obtained results revealed that daily feed consumption/hen increased insignificantly with increasing propolis level than that of the control group. Regarding the means of egg mass and egg production rate, it was observed that the laying hens fed diets containing 250 and 1000 mg propolis/kg significantly (p < 0.05) produced more and heaver egg in comparison with control group. External egg quality traits have not affected with increasing the level of propolis, while eggshell weight was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. The internal egg quality traits except albumen and yolk percentages increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing propolis level for treated hens as compared to those in the control. Concerning the haematological parameters, the results showed that the levels of total protein and globulin increased significantly with increasing propolis level, while cholesterol and liver enzymes were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Heterophils count of hens in the treated groups significantly decreased, whereas the lymphocyte count significantly increased, resulting in a decreased H/L ratio than that of the control group. Thus, it could be concluded that the supplementation of 250 mg propolis/kg diet is highly recommended to improving egg production, blood constituent and haematological parameters of the commercial laying hens.     

Improving productive performance and mitigating harmful emissions from laying hen excreta via feeding on graded levels of corn DDGS with or without Bacillus subtilis probiotic

An experiment that included some inclusions of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with or without supplementation of probiotic bacteria to Hi‐sex Brown laying hen diets was conducted to evaluate the impacts on performance, egg quality, blood metabolites and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in the manure. A total of 216 twenty‐two‐week‐old Hi‐sex Brown laying hens were randomly divided into eight treatment groups in a factorial design (4 × 2) experiment, which included four levels of DDGS (0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg diet) plus two levels of Bacillus subtilis probiotic (0 or 1000 mg/kg diet, with a concentration of 1.5 × 108 CFU/g of dried product). The experimental period extended from 22 to 34 weeks of age. The results showed that linear increase in DDGS level up to 150 g/kg improved (p ≤ 0.01) the values of feed consumption, egg shape index and yolk colour compared to the control and other treatment groups. Inclusion of dietary DDGS up to 150 g/kg in layer diets led to a significant decrease in egg mass and a significant increase in Haugh unit score compared to other groups. In the bacillus group, the values of feed conversion, egg weight and egg mass enhanced by 6.45, 3.27 and 7.60% respectively compared with the control diet. Total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium and ammonia in serum were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) influenced by DDGS inclusion. The excreted nitrogen decreased by 8.62 and 4.31% in hens fed 50 or 100 g/kg of DDGS respectively, while excreted phosphorous decreased by 3.33, 7.22 and 10.56% in hens fed 50, 100 or 150 g/kg of DDGS respectively as compared to the control group. It could be concluded that increasing DDGS inclusion level in the diet up to 10% and the supplementation of probiotic bacteria improved the productive performance of laying hens and mitigated the harmful emissions from chicken manure; this means better production within environmentally friendly conditions.     

不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性分析

为明确不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum的抗性水平,于2012—2014年连续3年系统研究了不同葡萄品种上绿盲蝽的为害情况以及越冬卵量,并分析了绿盲蝽越冬卵量与葡萄受害指数之间的关系。结果显示,每年越冬代绿盲蝽对不同葡萄品种的为害情况均存在显著差异;不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性不同,其中香悦对绿盲蝽抗性最强,抗性指数为5.00,金田美指抗性最弱,抗性指数为1.00;每年绿盲蝽在不同葡萄品种上的越冬卵量均存在显著差异;相关性分析表明,不同葡萄品种受害指数与绿盲蝽越冬卵量之间无显著相关性。研究表明,不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性水平存在显著差异。     

Managing nuisance social insects in urban environments: an overview

ABSTRACT

Urbanization is progressing worldwide where social insects often attain pest status. We present an overview of the practices applied for the management of social insects in urban settings from 1990 to 2016. We found that most studies focus on the management and/or control of the colony via chemical means, many approaches based on controlling individual workers have been tried with less success than colony-level treatments, and only few used an integrated pest management approach. Less common is undertaking the reduction of populations through the control of the worker caste, by taking advantage of the Allee effects. This is an approach that could be further explored for sustainable control of social insects.     

Trait‐related variation in the reproductive characteristics of female pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

Maternal characteristics typically affect the recruitment of an exploited fish population. The size and age at maturity, as well as the effects of maternal traits on relative fecundity and egg dry weight, were studied in six exploited pikeperch populations in Finnish lakes. The among‐lake variation in the maternal characteristics was substantial. The estimated total length at maturity (L₁₀, L₅₀, L₉₀) varied between 318–444, 403–423 and 444–527 mm, respectively, largely depending on the average growth rate and body condition of pikeperch. The estimated L₅₀ was generally close to the recently imposed national minimum size limit (42 cm). The estimated age at maturity (A₅₀) ranged from 4.2 to 6.9 year. Both relative fecundity and egg dry weight significantly increased with female size and age, indicating size‐ and age‐dependent maternal effects on egg characteristics and quantity, and emphasising the importance of large individuals for reproduction. The observed among‐population differences in the size‐dependent maternal influences highlight the need for stock‐specific management of pikeperch fisheries. The conservation of large females should be promoted to increase recruitment and reduce its variability.