禾草内生固氮菌的研究现状及应用前景

植物内生固氮菌是一类重要的固氮微生物资源,其潜在的可开发利用价值越来越受重视。本文综述了禾草内生固氮菌的研究动态、种质资源多样性、侵染途径、定殖方式、作用机理及发展前景,以期为内生固氮菌的进一步开发探究提供参考。     

Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations

This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined by the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. The software named 3P97 was used to calculate relevant PK parameters. The results demonstrated that the concentration–time profile of SDZ was best described by a one‐compartmental open model with first‐order absorption after a single oral dose. The main PK parameters of the absorption rate constant (K_α), the absorption half‐life (t_{1/2 Kα}), the elimination rate constant (K_e), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2Ke), and the area under concentration–time profile (AUC_0‐∞) were 0.3 1/h, 2.29 hr, 0.039 1/h, 17.64 hr, and 855.78 mg.h/L, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the concentration–time curve fitted to a two‐compartmental open model without absorption. The primary PK parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the elimination rate constant (β), the distribution half‐life (t_1/2α), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), the apparent distribution volume (V_SS), the total clearance (CL), and AUC_0‐∞ were 9.62 1/hr, 0.039 1/hr, 0.072 hr, 17.71 hr, 0.33 L/kg, 0.013 L h^?1 kg^?1, and 386.23 mg.h/L, respectively. Finally, the BA was calculated to be 22.16%. Overall, this study will provide some fundamental information on PK properties in the development of a new formulation SDZ in the future and is partially beneficial for the appropriate usage of SDZ in aquaculture.     

非洲狗尾草4品种在滇南的品比试验

在滇南雨养条件下,对4个非洲狗尾草（Setaria sphacelata）品种进行区域性品比试验。结果表明：参试各品种适应性强,均未染病,存活率和越冬率都在98.61%以上。种植第1年TPRC010的干草产量最高,为27.68 t·hm^-2。用灰色关联法进行综合评价,TPRC001表现最优,TPRC010次之。     

四川紫色丘陵农区坡耕地饲草种植模式及效益

把饲草作为主要作物引入耕作制,通过3年3重复随机区组定位试验研究,构建适于四川紫色丘陵区坡耕地应用的粮饲高效种植模式。结果表明,冬季以小麦为主,间套黑麦草、燕麦等冬季饲草,夏季以苏丹草、菊苣等夏季饲草为主的种植模式与对照麦/玉/苕种植模式相比,能够稳定小麦籽粒产量,8～9倍的提高饲草鲜产,提高50%以上的可饲用干物产出,提高粗蛋白产出1倍以上,增加产值30%以上。冬季以小麦为主,间套黑麦草、燕麦等冬季饲草,夏季以苏丹草、菊苣等夏季饲草为主的种植模式能在稳定粮食产量的同时,大幅提高紫色丘陵区旱坡耕地饲料产出,为区域畜牧业发展提供优质饲料保障,是适用于该区域的可持续高效旱坡地种植模式。     

不同生长年限王草的营养价值研究

本文对生长第1、2、3年的王草在100cm高度时刈割的营养成分及其体外干物质、有机物降解率进行分析研究。结果表明:不同生长年限王草第1年的粗蛋白质显著高于第2、3年(P<0.05),而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)显著低于第3年(P<0.05)。干物质、有机物的降解率第1年最高,第3年的最低,但差异不大。     

A SNaPshot assay for the rapid and simple detection of known point mutations conferring resistance to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides in Lolium spp.

Evolution of resistance to herbicides in weeds is becoming an increasing problem worldwide. To develop effective strategies for weed control, a thorough knowledge of the basis of resistance is required. Although non‐target‐site‐based resistance is widespread, target site resistance, often caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene encoding the target enzyme, is also a common factor affecting the efficacies of key herbicides. Therefore, fast and relatively simple high‐throughput screening methods to detect target site resistance mutations will represent important tools for monitoring the distribution and evolution of resistant alleles within weed populations. Here, we present a simple and quick method that can be used to simultaneously screen for up to 10 mutations from several target site resistance‐associated codons in a single reaction. As a proof of concept, this SNaPshot multiplex method was successfully applied to the genotyping of nine variable nucleotide positions in the CT domain of the chloroplastic ACCase gene from Lolium multiflorum plants from 54 populations. A total of 10 nucleotide substitutions at seven of these nine positions (namely codons 1781, 1999, 2027, 2041 2078, 2088 and 2096) are known to confer resistance to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides. This assay has several advantages when compared with other methods currently in use in weed science. It can discriminate between different nucleotide changes at a single locus, as well as screening for SNPs from different target sites by pooling multiple PCR products within a single reaction. The method is scalable, allowing reactions to be carried out in either 96‐ or 384‐well plate formats, thus reducing work time and cost.     

4种除草剂对麦田禾本科杂草药效比较

采用室内盆栽的方法,测定精嗯唑禾草灵6．9％水乳剂、甲基二磺隆3％油悬剂、炔草酸15％可湿性粉剂、氟唑磺隆70％水分散粒剂四种茎叶除草剂对山东发生的主要麦田禾本科杂草硬草、看麦娘、多花黑麦草、雀麦、节节麦、野燕麦、茼草的杀草谱．结果表明：精嗯唑禾草灵6．9％水乳剂对硬草、看麦娘、茼草、野燕麦有良好的防效,鲜重抑制率在88％以上：甲基二磺隆3％油悬剂对硬草、看麦娘、多花黑麦草、雀麦、节节麦、野燕麦防效良好。鲜重抑制率在87％以上;炔草酸15％可湿性粉剂对硬草、看麦娘、茼草、野燕麦防效良好,鲜重抑制率在94％以上：氟唑磺隆70％水分散粒剂对雀麦、硬草、看麦娘、多花黑麦草有良好的防效,鲜重抑制率在88％以上。     

Effect of Soaking on Nitrate Concentrations in Teff Hay

Soaking can affect respirable dust particles and the concentrations of some nutrients in alfalfa and cool season grass hays. However, the effect of soaking on nitrates in hay has not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soaking on teff hay, a warm season annual grass, that contained high concentrations of nitrate (>2.0%). Six bales of teff hay were used for the study. Six 0.5 kg samples were taken from each bale and assigned to one of six soaking treatments: no soaking (control), cold water immersion for 10 seconds, warm water immersion for 10 seconds, cold water soaking for 1 hour, warm water soaking for 1 hour, and cold water soaking for 8 hours. After soaking, hay was dried, ground, and submitted to a commercial laboratory for analysis. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance as a block design. When the main effect of treatment was significant (P < .05), means were separated by Tukey's honest significant difference test. Soaking for 1 or 8 hours decreased water-soluble carbohydrate (P < .0001). Phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc concentrations were reduced by soaking for 1 hour or longer (P, K, Na: P < .0001; Zn: P = .003). Nitrate concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) to safe levels for horses (≤0.5%) by soaking hay for 1 hour or longer but soaking also reduced the concentrations of some nutrients in the hay. Minimal differences were observed between cold and warm soaking temperatures.     

Heavy grazing effects on stem elongation and internode allometry: Insights from a natural pasture grass

Limited plant stem elongation is hypothesized to be the primary cause of decreased plant growth in response to long‐term heavy grazing (LHG). However, it remains largely unknown how LHG‐induced changes in stem elongation are mediated by internode traits. Accordingly, we experimentally investigated the effects of LHG (defined as twice the stocking rate recommended by the local government) on plant stem elongation and internode allometry in Leymus chinensis in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China. Plant size and internode traits, including internode length (IL), internode diameter (ID), and internode number (IN), from plant individuals were measured according to their phytomer position from base to apex. The results revealed that IN and their distributions were changed in response to LHG. Although LHG negatively affected IL and ID of each L. chinensis internode from base to apex and eventually stem length, the plasticity index of IL and ID increased initially and then decreased from the lowermost to the uppermost internode in response to LHG. These contrasting responses of internode traits were result of allometry between internode traits determined by both LHG and internode position. Ultimately, IL and IN were identified to be key traits influencing stem length reduction under LHG conditions and explaining 52.51% and 47.49% of variation in stem length, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that the limitation of L. chinensis stem elongation induced by LHG is mediated by the plasticity and allometry of internode traits. This result emphasizes the sensitivity of individual plants to LHG and is potentially valuable for optimal grassland management.     

福建鳗鲡产业发展形势分析

为建立美洲鳗鲡腺瘤病毒 (AEAdoV)的检测方法,根据AEAdoV福建株 (AEAdoV-FJ)的superfamily 3 helicases (S3H)序列,设计引物,建立了AEAdoV的普通PCR和qPCR检测方法;进一步评价检测方法的灵敏性、特异性及重复性,利用2种方法对美洲鳗鲡“出血性烂鳃”病料进行了检测,并对美洲鳗鲡体内不同组织的病毒含量进行分析。结果显示,普通PCR扩增的目的片段长度约300 bp,利用其构建的qPCR质粒标准品,其拷贝数与qPCR阈值循环数(C_t)线性关系良好,线性范围广,标准曲线相关系数(R²)达到0.999,扩增效率为105.067%。建立的普通PCR法和qPCR的最低检测AEAdoV拷贝数分别为100个和10个。2种方法均可特异性检测AEAdoV,而对蛙虹彩病毒 (RGV)、鳗鲡疱疹病毒 (AngHV)、鲤疱疹病毒 (KHV)、对虾白斑综合征病毒 (WSSV)、日本鳗鲡内皮细胞坏死病毒(JEAdoV)和花鳗鲡腺瘤病毒(MEAdoV)均无扩增反应。qPCR法的组内和组间变异系数均小于2%,表明其重复性良好。临床应用结果显示,35份美洲鳗鲡“出血性烂鳃”病料,采用普通PCR法的AEAdoV检出率为82.8%,而qPCR法的AEAdoV检出率为97%。对美洲鳗鲡不同组织的病毒含量分析结果显示,心脏、肝脏、鳃、鳍的AEAdoV相对含量较高,而黏液、皮肤和脾脏的病毒含量相对较低。研究表明,建立的AEAdoV的灵敏度高、特异性强的普通PCR和qPCR检测方法,证实AEAdoV与美洲鳗鲡“出血性烂鳃”病密切相关,且在感染鳗鲡主要组织中都存在。实验结果对于研究AEAdoV的致病性,开展其流行情况和病原学情况分析具有重要意义。