蚕沙和稻秸不同比例组合对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的组合效应

本文采用瘤胃微生物体外发酵法研究了不同比例蚕沙(SE)和稻秸(RS)的组合效应。试验将SE:RS设计为100∶0(SE100组)、80∶20(SE80组)、60∶40(SE60组)、40∶60(SE40组)、20∶80(SE20组)、0∶100(SE0组)的比例,分别进行体外发酵批次培养24 h和体外发酵产气培养72 h,测定产气参数和发酵特性指标。结果表明:1)SE100组理论最大产气量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),SE80组的24和72 h累积产气量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。2)24 h时培养液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度为SE80组>SE100组>SE60组>SE40组>SE0组>SE20组,乙酸/丙酸为SE80组SE100组>SE60组>SE80组>SE40组>SE0组。4)随着蚕沙比例的升高,底物体外有机物消化率越高。5)SE80组多项指标组合效应指数为0.76,SE80组>SE40组>SE60组>SE20组。蚕沙和稻秸组合改善了体外瘤胃微生物发酵特性和产气参数,且蚕沙和稻秸的最佳比例为80∶20。     

干热胁迫对紫花苜蓿形态特征及光合色素含量的影响

以6个紫花苜蓿品种为试验材料,采用盆栽并放入人工气候箱内干热胁迫处理下研究其土壤相对含水量、叶片长度、宽度、相对高度、绝对高度、茎粗等形态特征和类胡萝卜素、叶绿素含量等方面的变化规律。结果表明,随着干热胁迫的加剧,紫花苜蓿土壤相对含水量、叶片长度、叶片宽度、植株茎粗、叶绿素含量整体呈下降趋势,胁迫第12d与第4d相比,土壤相对含水量下降了64.82%,叶片长度下降了23.85%,叶片宽度下降了23.05%,植株茎粗下降了5.96%,叶绿素含量下降了12.70%;而相对株高、绝对株高、类胡萝卜素含量呈整体上升趋势,胁迫第12d与第4d相比,相对株高上升了1.61%,绝对株高上升了0.72%,类胡萝卜素含量上升了14.63%。各干热胁迫处理与其对照相比,干热胁迫对紫花苜蓿土壤相对含水量、株高、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量影响较为显著(P0.05)。     

The long-term effects of fire regime on primary production of montane grasslands in South Africa

Natural grasslands deliver essential ecosystem services through plant production, which enhances water supply, nutrient cycling, soil retention and greenhouse gas mitigation. Although the condition of montane grasslands for provision of ecosystem services is maintained by regular annual or biennial burning, controversy exists over the impact of different frequencies and seasons of burning on grassland productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of different burning regimes on primary production and quality of the montane grasslands of the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg. There were no significant differences in the mean standing live mass between 30 years of annual winter and biennial spring burning. However, in unburnt areas productivity was 20% lower (118.2?g m?2) than in regularly burnt grassland (144.7–154.5?g m?2). Crude protein did not vary between the annual winter and biennial spring treatments (95–113?kg ha?1), but was significantly lower in unburned areas (45?kg ha^?1). However, an infrequent fire in a protected area caused a temporary spike in crude protein (16%) compared with regular burning (5–10%), which can benefit wildlife. We conclude that montane grasslands can be burnt annually or biennially in the dormant season to promote long-term productivity.     

喷雾干燥技术制备饲用乳酸菌微胶囊制剂的研究进展

乳酸菌微胶囊技术是将核心菌体包覆于胃不溶、肠溶性的安全、特殊壁材中,可增加菌体对不良环境(胃液、胆盐等)的抵抗力,使其顺利到达肠道以发挥益生作用,且利于储存、加工和运输。利用喷雾干燥技术进行微胶囊制备具有包被速率快、生产成本低、适用于连续化生产等优点,但由于其存在较高进出口风温度及快速脱水过程,对于饲用乳酸菌的微胶囊制备在壁材物质及制备参数等方面具有严格的要求。为此,作者从工艺过程、壁材选择、工艺参数选择及其产品效果分析等方面,对近年来喷雾干燥技术在乳酸菌微胶囊制备方面进行了综述,以期为推动乳酸菌微胶囊制剂的研制及其在动物生产中的应用提供依据。     

耐高糖酵母的筛选及其在黄酒中的应用研究

从蜂蜜、葡萄、面包3种原料中提取天然酵母进行梯度驯化,再通过紫外诱变育种,筛选出具有耐高糖性质的酵母并对其相关特性进行研究,将筛选出的菌株应用于黄酒酿造过程。结果表明,筛选出的酵母可耐受的糖度、pH值、酒精度分别为40%,1.5和10%Vol,将其应用于黄酒发酵中,经过7 d发酵后,菌株降糖能力较传统菌株提高了20 g/L,酒精度提高了0.4%Vol,糖类物质转化率达到11%。采用自然驯化和紫外诱变育种相结合,得到适用于黄酒酿造生产的耐高糖酵母菌株。     

The origin,evolution, cultivation,dissemination, and diversification of Asian and African rices

Summary Available evidences drawn from biosystematics, evolutionary biology, biogeography, archaeology, history, anthropology, paleo-geology and paleo-meteorology are pooled to reconstruct the series of events that led to the cosmopolitan cultivation of the Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) and the regionalized planting of the African cultigen (O. glaberrima) in West Africa. The genus Oryza originated in the Gondwanaland continents and, following the fracture of the supercontinent, became widely distributed in the humid tropics of Africa, South America, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The two cultivated species have had a common progenitor in the distant past. Parallel and independent evolutionary processes occurred in Africa and in Asia, following the sequence of: wild perennialwild annualcultivated annual. The weed races also contributed to the differentiation of the cultivated annuals. The corresponding members of the above series are O. longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glaberrima Steud., and the stapfii forms of O. glaberrima in Africa; O. rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma et Shastry, O. sativa L., and the spontanea forms of O. sativa in Asia.The differentiation and diversification of the annuals in South Asia were accelerated by marked climatic changes following the last glacial age, dispersal of plants over latitude or altitude, human selection, and manipulation of the cultural environment.Cultivation of rice began in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, probably first in Ancient India. Cultural techniques such as puddling and transplanting were first developed in north and central China and later transmitted to Southeast Asia. Wetland culture preceded dryland culture in China, but in hilly areas of Southeast Asia, dryland cultivation is older than lowland culture. The planting method progressed from shifting cultivation to direct sowing in permanent fields, then to transplanting in bunded fields.Widespread dispersal of the Asian cultigen led to the formation of three eco-geographic races (Indica. Sinica or Japonica, and Javanica) and distinct cultural types in monsoon Asia (upland, lowland, and deep water). Varietal types changed readily within the span of a millenium, largely due to cultivators' preferences, socio-religious traditions, and population pressure. Genetic differentiation developed parallel to the ecologic diversification process.The African cultigen developed later than the Asian cultigen and has undergone less diversification. The wild races in South America and Oceania retain their primitive features mainly due to lack of cultivation pressure or dispersal.Both the African and Asian rices are still undergoing evolutionary changes at habitats where the wild, weed, and cultivated races co-exist.     

Inheritance of scent in rice

Summary Inheritance of scent in rice and its association with pigmented characters were studied in T-141 × K-44-1. Four complementary genes appeared to control scent, one of them showing linkage with a complementary gene for glume colour and a supplementary gene for red pigment in apiculus. This group formed part of V (Prp)linkage group of Misro et al. (1966) in which case Pg and P were additions.Pl.480 Project on linkage maps in rice.     

放牧强度和放牧时间对牦牛干物质采食量及其表观消化率的影响

垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地3个放牧季节的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:放牧强度和放牧时间对牦牛采食量均有极显著的影响(P<0.01),在放牧期内,牦牛干物质的采食量随放牧强度的增加而减小,而且随放牧时间的延续,各放牧区牦牛的干物质采食量均在8月5-20日达到最大;放牧强度对牦牛粪干物质的影响极显著(P<0.01),而放牧时间(季节变化)对它的影响不显著(P>0.05);极轻度和轻度放牧区牦牛干物质的消化率均在7月20日-8月5日达到最大,而中度和重度放牧区均在8月20日-9月5日达到最大。     

Effects of variety, cropping year, location and fertilizer application on nutritive value of durum wheat straw

This study was carried out to assess the effects of variety, year, location and level of fertilizer application on chemical composition and in sacco dry matter (DM) degradability of durum wheat straw as well as to understand the relationship between straw quality and agronomic traits of the crop and to assess the possibilities of selecting wheat varieties that combine high grain yield with desirable straw quality. Two local (Arendeto and Tikur sinde) and two improved (Boohai and Gerardo) varieties of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum Desf.) were used in the experiment. The four varieties were grown at two locations (Akaki and Ejere) in the years 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 in 5 x 5 m plots in three replications. Diammonium phosphate and urea fertilizers were applied at four levels (0/0, 32/23, 41/23 and 64/46 kg/ha of nitrogen/phosphorus). Straw quality was assessed based on chemical composition and in sacco DM degradability. Correlation of straw quality with grain and straw yield and with other agronomic characteristics of the crop was determined. The potential utility index (a measure that integrates grain and digestible straw yield) was used for ranking of the varieties. The local varieties had higher crude protein (CP) and lower neutral detergent fibre contents and higher digestibility than the improved varieties. The cropping year and location had significant effect on CP content and degradability of the straw, which could be due to climatic variation. However, the fertilizer level did not have any significant effect on straw quality except that the CP content of the straw tended to increase with increasing level of fertilizer application. Based on the potential utility index the varieties ranked, in a decreasing order, as Tikur sinde > Arendeto > Gerardo > Boohai and the ranking was consistent across years and locations. Except the CP content, straw quality was not negatively correlated with grain and straw yield. This indicates that there is a possibility of selecting varieties of wheat that combine high grain and straw yield with desirable straw quality.     

谷草与苜蓿的不同配比对绵羊日粮组合效应的影响

为了探讨不同精粗比下谷草与苜蓿配比对绵羊日粮组合效应的影响,本试验以谷草与苜蓿为粗饲料,采用体外产气法测定精粗比为40：60时,谷草：苜蓿为60：0、50：10、40：20、30：30、20：40、10：50及0：60,精粗比为30：70时,谷草：苜蓿为70：0、60：10、50：20、40：30、30：40、20：50、10：60及0：70的15组日粮及谷草、苜蓿和精料补充料分别培养2、4、6、9、12、24、36、48、72、96 h的产气量（GP）,并通过24 h产气量（GP_{24 h}）及其加权估算值计算出各日粮的组合效应值（AE）。结果表明：①精粗比为40：60时,比较各组GP_{24 h},50：10组极显著大于10：50组（P<0.01）;40：20、60：10组显著大于10：50组（P<0.05）;各组AE值均为正值,但组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;50：10的GP_{24 h}、b、a+b均为最大,其AE最优。②精粗比为30：70时,比较各组GP_{24 h},50：20、60：10、70：0组显著大于0：70组（P<0.05）,40：30、20：50组有大于0：70组的趋势（P=0.063,P=0.064）;各组AE值无显著差异（P>0.05）;40：30组的GP_{24 h}、b、a+b均较大,其AE最优,其次是20：50、10：60组。综合以上结果,谷草与苜蓿配比为50：10（精粗比为40：60）和40：30、20：50、10：60（精粗比为30：70）时,可以获得较高的AE。