一株尼罗罗非鱼致病性嗜水气单胞菌的 分离鉴定及药敏试验

从自然感染发病的尼罗罗非鱼肝脏和脑组织中分离出1 株细菌,经革兰氏染色镜检、生化鉴定和PCR 鉴定,确定为嗜水气单胞菌,命名为GD001,进一步采用药敏纸片法测定分离菌株对多种抗生素的敏感性,并用该菌 株接种健康尼罗罗非鱼,鉴定其致病力。结果发现,GD001 菌株对恩诺沙星、头孢噻吩、四环素和克莱霉素等抗生素 敏感,对链霉素轻度敏感,对卡那霉素和青霉素不敏感。从人工感染10 g 左右的健康罗非鱼发现,GD001 菌株具有很 强的致病力,试验鱼在感染后3~4 h内全部死亡,且患病症状与自然发病症状的鱼一致。     

原美草莓重茬病防治剂对草莓矿质元素利用效果的研究

试验研究了原美无公害草莓重茬病防治剂和溴甲烷两种药剂对重茬草莓矿质元素吸收利用效果的影响。研究结果表明:两种药剂使土壤中速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+矿质元素含量发生变化;溴甲烷处理土壤使草莓根系中全氮、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+,叶片中全磷、全钾、Fe2+、Mg2+和果实中全磷、Fe2+、Mn2+含量显著高于空白对照。原美防治剂处理土壤使草莓根系中全磷、Mn2+,叶片中全钾、Mg2+和果实中Ca2+的含量显著高于空白对照,对其他元素的影响规律不明显。草莓重茬病的发生可能与土壤中Fe2+、K+、Cu2+等矿质元素含量过低有关。用原美防治剂A3(150 g/m2)处理防治重茬病效果最好,完全可以取代用溴甲烷防治草莓重茬病。     

兽用化学药品血药浓度法生物等效性试验技术指导原则简述

血药浓度法生物等效性试验是兽药生物等效性研究的重要方法。为科学规范兽用化学药品生物等效性研究,保障兽药安全、有效、质量可控,在已发布实施的《兽用化学药品生物等效性试验指导原则》基础上,农业农村部兽药评审中心参考相关最新技术指导原则,结合国内兽药研究现状,修订发布了《兽用化学药品血药浓度法生物等效性试验技术指导原则》。本文针对该指导原则的适用范围、试验设计的内容进行阐述,旨在加强研发单位或相关临床试验机构对此指导原则的理解,对生物等效性试验的有效开展提供指导与帮助。     

Essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Paláu and citral: sedative and anesthetic efficacy and safety in Rhamdia quelen and Ctenopharyngodon idella

ObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of citral in inducing sedation and anesthesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and to assess the safety of essential oil (EO) of Aloysia citriodora and citral in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish.Study designClinical study, randomized, parallel, multi-arm with control group in target species.AnimalsA total of 96 juvenile and 72 adult silver catfish and 80 juvenile grass carp were used.MethodsSilver catfish and grass carp were exposed to different concentrations of citral, 15–675 and 15–600 μL L^–1, respectively, during the maximum period of 30 minutes to verify sedation and anesthesia induction and recovery times. In addition, for anesthetic induction, silver catfish were exposed to the EO of A. citriodora and citral at 225 μL L^–1 for 3.5 minutes. Then, fish were transferred to an anesthesia maintenance solution at 50 μL L^–1 for 10 minutes to assess hematologic and biochemical variables at 60 minutes, 2 and 6 days after treatment.ResultsCitral only induced sedation from 15, 25 and 40 μLL^–1 in both species. Anesthesia without mortality was induced in silver catfish at 50–600 μL L^–1 and grass carp at 75–450 μL L^–1. At 675 and 600 μL L^–1, mortality was recorded in silver catfish and grass carp, respectively. The EO of A. citriodora and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish, with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration being the only variable that varied in relation to time and treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCitral was effective in inducing sedation and anesthesia in both species. In addition, A. citriodora EO and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish. Both agents are promising substances for the development of new drugs for fish.     

灰雁黏质沙雷菌的鉴定及其耐药性分析

为研究2016年武汉地区灰雁粪便中所产红色色素的未知菌的类别及其耐药性,经细菌分离、生化鉴定、细菌16SrDNA通用引物等鉴定,确定1株病原菌为黏质沙雷菌。经药敏试验发现黏质沙雷菌对萘啶酸、头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、阿米卡星、复方新诺明、庆大霉素、甲氧嘧啶等敏感,对头孢他啶、氨曲南、氨苄西林等中介,对头孢曲松、四环素、呋喃妥因、链霉素、磺胺异恶唑耐药。了解黏质灰雁沙雷菌的耐药情况,对环境中食源性肠道菌进行监测,为今后禽源沙雷菌抗生素替代药物的开发提供潜在的候选菌株。     

P10B抗菌肽和硫酸小檗碱对肉鸡源大肠杆菌的体外联合抗菌作用研究

为了解P10B抗菌肽与硫酸小檗碱联合抗菌作用,进行P10B抗菌肽与硫酸小檗碱联用的体外抑菌试验。试验菌株为20株肉鸡源大肠杆菌菌株。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定P10B与硫酸小檗碱对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度;棋盘稀释法测定两个药的分级抑菌浓度指数,判断联合抗菌效果。结果表明,在联合药敏试验中,两药呈协同作用的占10%,呈相加作用的占85%,呈无关作用的占5%。平均分级抑菌浓度指数为0.825,两种药联和用药效应主要表现为累加作用。     

Natural products for pest control: an analysis of their role,value and future

Natural products (NPs) have long been used as pesticides and have broadly served as a source of inspiration for a great many commercial synthetic organic fungicides, herbicides and insecticides that are in the market today. In light of the continuing need for new tools to address an ever‐changing array of fungal, weed and insect pests, NPs continue to be a source of models and templates for the development of new pest control agents. Interestingly, an examination of the literature suggests that NP models exist for many of the pest control agents that were discovered by other means, suggesting that, had circumstances been different, these NPs could have served as inspiration for the discovery of a great many more of today's pest control agents. Here, an attempt is made to answer questions regarding the existence of an NP model for existing classes of pesticides and what is needed for the discovery of new NPs and NP models for pest control agents. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

新型杀菌化合物靶标识别及其靶向候选药剂设计概述

新型杀菌剂的创制在农业可持续发展和克服抗药性中具有重要作用。由于杀菌剂作用机制或靶标是新杀菌剂分子设计合成和创制开发的重要基础,因此作用机制或靶标研究的滞后会阻碍新先导化合物的发现或新品种的创制。鉴于此,本文对目前杀菌剂作用靶标的识别及靶向杀菌剂的分子设计进行了概述。首先阐述了基于转录组学、蛋白质组学的研究和药物亲和层析技术在靶标识别中的应用;其次概述了多学科交叉的方法在分子靶标验证中的应用;最后以strobilurin A为先导的Qo位点抑制剂、以肉桂酸为先导的卵菌抑制剂、以萎锈灵为先导的琥珀酸脱氢酶和植物免疫激活剂等不同类型的靶向杀菌剂为例进行了举例说明。     

禽源沙门菌对四环素的耐药性及耐药基因调查分析

为了更好地了解禽源沙门菌对四环素的耐药性及耐药基因分布,从不同来源的家禽样品中分离沙门菌,调查其对四环素的耐药性以及耐药菌株中8种四环素耐药基因[tet(A)、tet(B)、tet(C)、tet(W)、tet(M)、tet(D)、tet(K)和tet(L)]的携带情况.结果表明,18.8%的沙门菌分离株对四环素耐药,健康成鸡分离株对四环素的耐药性明显高于雏鸡、死胚或病禽分离株;四环素耐药株中tet(A)、tet(B)和tet(M)基因的携带比例分别为73.1%、11.5%和3.8%,说明沙门菌对四环素的耐药机制以tet(A)和tet(B)基因介导的主动外排为主.本研究首次在对四环素耐药的沙门菌中检测到tet(M)基因,说明tet(M)基因在沙门菌对四环素的耐药性方面也具有潜在的作用.     

两株副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从疑似副猪嗜血杆菌病发病猪场采集58份病料,分离到2株革兰氏阴性短小杆菌.对分离菌株进行培养特性、生化特性、血清型分型研究以及PCR检测和测序分析,结果表明,分离的两株细菌均为血清4型副猪嗜血杆菌.对分离菌株进行药敏试验分析,结果显示分离株对头孢噻肟、头孢噻吩、替米考星高度敏感,对四环素、丁胺卡那、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星中度敏感,对甲氧苄氨嘧啶、复方新诺明、链霉素、阿莫西林、新霉素均耐药.