The effects of compost in a rice–wheat cropping system on aggregate size,carbon and nitrogen content of the size–density fraction and chemical composition of soil organic matter,as shown by 13C CP NMR spectroscopy

We investigated whether the long‐term application of compost from agricultural waste improved soil physical structure, fertility and soil organic matter (SOM) storage. In 2006, we began a long‐term field experiment based on a rice–wheat rotation cropping system, having a control without fertilizer (NF) and three treatments: chemical fertilizers (CF), pig manure compost (PMC) and a prilled mixture of PMC and inorganic fertilizers (OICF). Following the harvest of wheat in 2010, the mean‐weight diameter (MWD) of water‐stable aggregates and the concentration of C and N in bulk soil (0–20 cm; <2 mm fraction) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in PMC and NF plots than in CF or OICF plots. Pig manure compost significantly increased the proportion of >5‐mm aggregates, whereas CF significantly increased the proportion of 0.45‐ to 1‐mm aggregates. The C and N contents of all density fractions were greater in PMC than in other treatments with levels decreasing in the following order: free particulate organic matter (fPOM) >occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) > mineral‐combined SOM (mineral–SOM). Solid‐state ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that alkyl C/O‐alkyl C ratios and aromatic component levels of SOM were smaller in PMC and OICF plots than in CF plots, suggesting that SOM in PMC and OICF plots was less degraded than that in CF plots. Nevertheless, yields of wheat in PMC and NF plots were smaller than those in CF and OICF plots, indicating that conditions for producing large grain yields did not maintain soil fertility.     

嫩江沙地杨树用材林生产力的研究

通过对嫩江沙地杜蒙和讷河2个区域12个杨树样地标准木调查资料的分析,确定了几种杨树的地上净生产力范围;通过对生物量和生产力构成因素的综合分析初步确定了杨树合理的经营密度,表明林分密度应根据不同的造林目的和立地条件实行动态管理.     

Stocking density and artificial habitat influence stock structure and yield from intensive nursery systems for mud crabs Scylla serrata (Forsskål 1775)

Intensive nursery systems are designed to culture mud crab postlarvae through a critical phase in preparation for stocking into growout systems. This study investigated the influence of stocking density and provision of artificial habitat on the yield of a cage culture system. For each of three batches of postlarvae, survival, growth and claw loss were assessed after each of three nursery phases ending at crab instars C1/C2, C4/C5 and C7/C8. Survival through the first phase was highly variable among batches with a maximum survival of 80% from megalops to a mean crab instar of 1.5. Stocking density between 625 and 2300 m⁻² did not influence survival or growth in this first phase. Stocking densities tested in phases 2 and 3 were 62.5, 125 and 250 m⁻². At the end of phases 2 and 3, there were five instar stages present, representing a more than 20‐fold size disparity within the populations. Survival became increasingly density‐sensitive following the first phase, with higher densities resulting in significantly lower survival (phase 2: 63% vs. 79%; phase 3: 57% vs. 64%). The addition of artificial habitat in the form of pleated netting significantly improved survival at all densities. The mean instar attained by the end of phase 2 was significantly larger at a lower stocking density and without artificial habitat. No significant effect of density or habitat on harvest size was detected in phase 3. The highest incidence of claw loss was 36% but was reduced by lowering stocking densities and addition of habitat. For intensive commercial production, yield can be significantly increased by addition of a simple net structure but rapidly decreases the longer crablets remain in the nursery.     

品种、密度及播种期对烟后玉米产量的影响

为探讨普洱烟后玉米获得高产的最佳种植模式,进行了烟后玉米不同品种、不同密度和不同播种期的试验研究,结果表明最佳种植模式为：种植玉米杂交种品种甘优1790,密度60000株／hm2,8月10日前播种。     

32种蔬菜与贮藏保鲜相关的形态解剖特征比较研究

为给蔬菜的贮藏保鲜提供依据,采用植物学的方法,解析了３２种蔬菜的微观结构特点,主要研究参数有：单位质量蔬菜的表面积、单位面积蔬菜的气孔数、表面的角质层厚度,研究结果表明,表面积和气孔密度小且角质层厚的蔬菜较耐贮藏,上述指标可作为选择净菜品种和制定保鲜贮藏方案的参考依据。     

设施农业棚室空间烟雾的分布及沉降(简报)

运用气液二相流喷雾技术,以常温烟雾为载体喷施农药,是设施农业病虫害防治作业的新技术。其雾化特点是雾滴粒径很细、在空中悬浮的时间很长。为了掌握烟雾运动、分布、沉积的规律,该文用髙浓度的黑色素水溶液喷雾后对空气中药物的质量密度用大气采样器、分光光度计进行了测试分析。获得了描述药物烟雾作业性能、技术特征的主要参数及经济实用的测试方法。探知了空间药物质量密度随棚室长度及时间的变化规律、以及雾滴的沉降规律。研究表明该测试方法简易可行,并为解析喷雾流场,求得最佳喷雾方案和评价喷雾质量、效果提供了参考。     

不同轮作模式下小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生动态和种群密度

轮作是防治小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的重要农业措施,为了明确青海省春麦区不同轮作模式对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的控制效果,采用田间大区试验法对生产中应用的6种轮作模式进行了研究。结果表明:不同轮作模式下,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度变化差异极显著,其中小麦与马铃薯、油菜、蚕豆轮作两年或以上能有效降低小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度,土壤中的孢囊量减少39.31%~84.39%,单孢虫口数量减少73.21%~95.35%,虫口密度减少83.76%~97.82%;不同作物间,小麦与马铃薯或蚕豆的轮作效果(虫口密度减少74.39%~79.37%)显著优于小麦与油菜的轮作效果(虫口密度减少67.16%)。在同一地块相同条件下,种植油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯、小麦4种作物,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫均能正常孵化,4月底土壤中的2龄幼虫(J2)量增加,5月上旬达到高峰期,5月中旬开始,土壤中的J2、孢囊量、虫口密度和单孢虫口数量均急剧下降,6月至7月份下降幅度小,趋于稳定;田间空孢囊率于5月中旬至6月中旬急剧增加,7月份趋于稳定,8月份以前,4种作物田禾谷孢囊线虫的孵化动态和种群密度变化趋势一致,8月中旬,小麦田随着新孢囊脱落到土壤中,禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度开始上升,小麦收获后土壤中的孢囊量比播种前增加28.62%,虫口密度增加41.30%;而油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田土壤中的孢囊量比播种前减少32.27%~48.36%,虫口密度减少70.91%~81.73%,8月中旬至10月份小麦田禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度极显著高于油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田。     

不同根构型玉米的根系形态及其对密度的响应

在两种种植密度下对8个测交种的根系形态及在0～60 cm土壤剖面的分布进行测定。结果表明,根长、根干重和根拔拉力均具有显著的基因型差异,其中,L105和L109属于大根系基因型;L172和L224属于小根系基因型。L132、L160、L224对密度的反应较为敏感,L219对密度的反应较为迟钝。在增加种植密度后,各基因型根系均有纵向延伸的特征,不同基因型根长和根干重在不同土壤层次间分布比例差异较大,且其对密度的反应仅表现在特定的土层内。     

太岳山油松人工林土壤水分动态特征的研究

该文研究了太岳山油松人工林不同郁闭度林分以及荒地生长季节内的土壤水分动态。结果表明：整个生长季节内，荒地与林地贮水量差异并不显著，但森林郁闭度越大，贮水量越小．土壤含水量主要受降雨、蒸腾和蒸发的影响，干旱季节，林地蒸腾占主导地位，土壤剖面出现２０～４０ｃｍ的根系分布层偏下层土壤含水率最低，且郁闭度越大，该最低值越小；随着雨季的到来，各层土壤含水率的最大值依次出现，且郁闭度越大，该最大值越大，也出现的越迟；雨季过后，蒸发转变为主要因素，林地土壤含水率大于荒地。随着土层深度的增加，土壤含水量越稳定。     

湘乡市林地森林碳储量及碳密度研究

通过对湘乡市林地的森林碳储量、碳密度及碳储量的空间分布特征进行研究,得出:①在各优势树种组中,中生阔叶树组的碳储量和碳密度都是最大的,碳储量排序依次为:中生阔叶树组>马尾松组>杉木组>竹木组>国外松组>经济林组〉慢生阔叶树组>灌木组>速生阔叶树组,碳密度排序依次为:中生阔叶树组>国外松组>竹木组>马尾松组〉慢生阔叶树组>杉木组>经济林组>速生阔叶树组〉灌木组;②除马尾松组和中生阔叶树组外,各优势树种小班的碳储量主要集中分布在0~100t的区域内,且与人类活动呈负相关。