STUDY ON THE OPTIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN CUTTING SLOTS FOR WEDGE PICKS

r The effect of the distance between cutting slots on the cutting specific energy consumption experimentally through cutting artificial coal samples with wedge picks is discussed in this paper. The optimum distances between cutting slots in different cut depths are presented, and the theoretical values are in good agreement with the experimental resurts.     

The biodiversity and genetic structure of Balearic sheep breeds

The Balearic sheep breeds, Mallorquina, Menorquina, Roja Mallorquina, Ibicenca and one possible new genetic group, Formentera, constitute a unique genetic resource in the Mediterranean farming landscape, displaying high genetic diversity levels and being well differentiated among themselves and with respect to the continental sheep breeds. We used a microsatellite panel of markers to study genetic diversity and relationships with other Spanish breeds. The results reported in this study have important implications for the use, conservation and breeding of Balearic sheep stocks. A mean number of 7.59 alleles was found among the Balearic sheep breeds for the microsatellites scored. The whole mean value of observed heterozygosity amounted to 0.62, whereas the expected heterozygosity value was 0.69, suggesting the presence of a great degree of genetic variability, although a significant deficit of heterozygotes was detected for some markers. Genetic distance estimates showed that Balearic sheep are differentiated from the other Spanish breeds and in particular, from the Merino type. The Ibicenca breed showed the highest distance value from other breeds. The neighbour‐net method of analysis clustered the Roja Mallorquina, Menorquina and Mallorquina breeds. The Structure results clearly demonstrated the genetic differentiation among the four Balearic sheep breeds, with the Ibicenca and Formentera races joined, with slight migration among them. Few external genetic influences from the Spanish mainland breeds were detected.     

How does human exploitation affect impala populations in protected and partially protected areas? - A case study from the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania

Human exploitation can have severe conservation implications for wildlife populations. In the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, illegal hunting is a serious concern for wildlife management, and in this study we investigated if density, demography and behaviour can be used as indicators of human exploitation. We used impala (Aepycerus melampus) as a model species to study human exploitation inside and outside a strictly protected area. Over a six month period, a total of 2050 km of transects were driven in the different protected areas (National Park, Game Reserve, Open Area). Densities were estimated by using distance sampling and the partially protected areas were found to have significantly lower densities (4.3 ind/km²) than the National Park (15.3 ind/km²). A variation in density between different sections within the National Park was also found. However, we found no differences in group sizes. Moreover, the sex-ratio was more skewed towards females in the partially protected areas and in sections within the National Park close to villages. In addition, impalas showed higher alertness levels, and longer flight initiation distance to an approaching human in the partially protected areas compared to the National Park. The present harvest levels by illegal hunting in the study area are most likely the cause of the observed differences. Our results suggest that density, demography and behaviour can be used as indicators of human exploitation, but that this probably varies according to local hunting pressure. Furthermore, it could be expected that the results obtained in this study might reflect the state of other ungulates in the area, which raises concern whether management objectives for the buffer zones of Serengeti National Park are met.     

中国黄土地区耕作侵蚀模拟

耕作侵蚀是国际上新近开展的一个研究领域。为了对中国黄土地区的耕作侵蚀规律进行定量描述,采用施放小立方块作为示踪材料进行耕作试验及测量来示踪和监测土壤运动,并通过相关分析与理论推导,对该地区的耕作侵蚀进行了模拟,获得了能够直接计算出坡面剖面任何一点净侵蚀模数的耕作侵蚀模型,结果表明,在采用当地由动物牵引的传统犁在坡面上自下而上进行往返横坡等高向下翻土耕作方式下:1)一次耕作导致的耕层土壤朝坡向方向平均水平运动距离随坡度的变化表现为线性相关;2)一次耕作导致的坡面剖面任何位置耕层断面的净侵蚀模数,受土壤容重、耕作深度、土壤与耕作条件决定的系数和地形曲率的影响。     

苦瓜数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势关系的研究

6个苦瓜高世代自交系分成两组,按不完全双列杂交设计配制9个杂交组合。利用11个数量性状计算主成分遗传距离。以遗传距离为自变量,杂种优势为依变量,进行回归分析。结果表明:产量和果长杂种优势与遗传距离之间分别为显著和极显著直线关系,回归方程分别为Y=7.5718 3.2272X和Y=-5.8529 1.5946X。单果质量和果径杂种优势与遗传距离之间无相互关系。分析认为单果质量为产量的重要构成性状,而叶柄长、节间长为果长的重要构成性状。对遗传距离预测杂种优势的应用问题进行了讨论,认为遗传距离预测杂种优势可进一步进行研究。     

华南黄牛血液蛋白多态性及其应用研究

本试验采用淀粉凝胶、醋酸纤维薄膜和聚丙烯酰肢凝胶电泳法测定了海南牛、雷州牛和隆林牛的血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血液碱性磷酸酶,血清转铁蛋白、血清后转铁蛋白和血清后白蛋白等6个多态位点的基因型和基因频率。为分析华南黄牛在中国黄牛中的地位,利用有关资料,计算了我国10种黄牛间的遗传距离;用类平均法对我国的主要黄牛品种进行聚类分析,绘出10个品种的树状聚类图;用主分量分析方法绘出各品种的三维空间分布图。结果表明,华南黄牛明显与北方及中原黄牛不同,华南地区黄牛是华南地区固有的品种,由当地驯化而来,形成过程渗入其他黄牛血液的结果。     

冬小麦数量性状的遗传距离估测与聚类分析

本文对50个冬小麦品种的6个性状进行主成分分析。估算主成分公式如下: g_(ij)=1/(λ_i)~(1/2)sum from k=1 to n I_(Kj)g_(iK) 根据聚类分析把50个品种分成8个生态型。类群内的品种具有基本相似的生态特征和遗传基础。类间遗传距离大于类内遗传距离。选择类群间遗传距离大的、优缺点可互补的品种作为亲本,进行杂交,在其后代中可以选育出优良品种。为了改良某一品种的某一不良性状,也可以在类群内进行品种间杂交,但不能育出新品种。     

遗传距离在不同环境条件下变化的研究

本文研究利用北方春小麦区35份品种(系)为材料,通过两年、两地及不同试验处理,研究了春小麦10个数量性状的遗传距离及聚类分析在不同试验处理中的变化。结果表明:遗传距离D~2值是反映品种在一定条件下数量性状综合指标之间的差异;D~2值在不同年份、地点、试验处理中有明显的变化,并无一定的规律性;聚类结果是品种表型聚类;不同处理的聚类结果不一致;D~2值和聚类结果与品种的亲缘关系、地理来源无必然的联系;当不同的试验处理水平所造成的小生态环境相近时,两处理D~2值间存在着显著的正相关,否则,不存在相关关系。在一定生态环境条件下测得的D~2值,只有在与其相近的环境条件下才具有指导意义。此外,依据遗传距离D~2值指导选配亲本具有一定的局限性;1.类间品种杂交可能导致品种近亲繁殖;2.类内品种不杂交会遗漏掉有益杂交组合。     

利用血液蛋白多态性分析策勒黑羊与和田羊、卡拉库尔羊遗传距离

本实验采用垂直板高pH不连续SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究了策勒黑羊、和田羊、卡拉库尔羊血清转铁蛋白(Tf)、前白蛋白(Pr)、血清白蛋白(A lb)三个基因座的遗传多态性。研究表明:策勒黑羊与和田羊、卡拉库尔羊的血清转铁蛋白(Tf)、血清白蛋白(A lb)位点基因型有差别,前白蛋白(Pr)位点基因型相同。计算了三种绵羊的基因型频率、基因频率,策勒黑羊与和田羊、卡拉库尔羊之间的遗传距离,并进行了分析。结果表明:策勒黑羊与和田羊遗传距离最近,其次为卡拉库尔羊。     

浅谈面向对象数据库的技术和发展

面向对象数据库把面向对象的方法和数据库技术结合起来,使得数据库的分析、设计最大程度地与人们对客观世界的认识相一致,是数据库技术中巨大的进步。概述了面向对象数据库的特征、优势及其重要技术,并对这一技术进行了展望。