柑桔木虱种群动态与扩散的调查研究

柑桔木虱(Diaphorina citri Kuwayam.)是传播柑桔毁灭性病害-柑桔黄龙病(hunglongbing,HLB)的媒介昆虫,为探明田间柑桔木虱种群发生与扩散规律。利用柑桔木虱分布北沿地区冬天低温致死、春天升温扩散条件,2010-2011年调查了广东省乐昌地区柑桔木虱的种群动态和田间扩散情况。结果表明：有少量柑桔木虱成虫在乐昌中南部越冬,3月底开始产卵,6-10月种群数量迅速增长,至10月中旬柑桔木虱成虫密度达最高峰;5月初首次监测到柑桔木虱种群向北扩散,扩散距离为5 km,至6月中旬再向北扩散,扩散距离2.5 km,但扩散的成虫数量不多。相关性分析表明,田间柑桔木虱种群密度与田间温度,嫩梢数量成极显著的正相关,而与的相对湿度无显著相关;田间柑桔木虱的扩散与日平均温度、日最大温度、日最小温度成极显著正相关,而与日相对湿度、日平均风速无显著相关。     

The domestication and improvement of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Physiological and morphological characteristics of the two wild and three domesticated subspecies of cowpeas are compared. The wild accessions are alike in having small, hard seeds borne in dehiscent pods, but differ in other characteristics. We suggest that the wild subsp. dekindtiana, from the seasonally-arid tropics, is more likely to have been the progenitor of modern cowpeas than the other wild subspecies (subsp. mensensis), but that subsp. dekindtiana was first cultivated in the humid tropics where its pods are slow to dehisce. Domestication has been associated with changes in the structure of pod valves and seed coats which reduce pod dehiscence and seed hardness. Pods and seeds have increased in size, mainly by increases in the rate of dry weight accumulation, and their increase has been only partly paralleled by increase in the area of subtending leaves. There has been no increase in the maximum photosynthetic rate of leaves, but the duration of their photosynthetic activity has increased. Domesticates are less sensitive than are wild plants to some environmental controls, such as in the response of germination to temperature, but in their flowering responses to daylength both wild and cultivated forms retain sensitivity under conditions where this is of adaptive value.     

Importance of hedgerows as habitat corridors for forest plants in agricultural landscapes

Hedgerows have been proposed as habitat and conservation corridor for forest plant species, but their importance for the survival of these species is still not clear. The objective of our study was to examine the frequency of occurrence of forest species and total forest species richness in different parts of the hedgerows, and to relate these patterns of occurrence to the species’ habitat requirements and life history traits. We surveyed in total 130 forest-hedgerow transects in North-western Germany, including three age classes.About 77% of all forest plant species (including some endangered taxa) occurring in the neighbouring forests were also found in the adjacent hedgerows. In all age classes, there was a negative relationship between distance from the forest-hedgerow ecotone and the number of species. Ancient hedgerows were not significantly more species-rich than more recent ones. Within 100 m distance from the forest edge, forest species richness increased with an increasing number of species in the nearby forest and with an increasing cover of the tree canopy as well as a decreasing cover of the shrub layer. Species with high frequency had comparatively high Ellenberg indicator values for light, and were mostly associated with anemochorous and epizoochorous seed dispersal.The frequency of occurrence in hedgerows of species with common attributes was partly in agreement, partly in disagreement with the results obtained in previous studies. We conclude that patterns are difficult to generalize, probably due to a strong regional variation in the pool of forest species and in the specific environments of both forests and hedgerows.     

Recommended isolation distances for the field multiplication of diploid tuber-bearing Solanum species

The sexual propagation of genebank accessions by hand pollination in the greenhouse is a very expensive and time-consuming routine task. The self-incompatibility of most diploid potato species allows their multiplication in isolated field plots, which is coupled with the advantage of the presence of natural pollinators and maintaining a high level of heterozygosity. The aim of this study was to determine the isolation distance required for minimizing pollen flow between neighbouring multiplication plots. The Solanum phureja clone IVP48 was used as the pollen donor since it possesses a dominant seed marker (‘embryo spot’). The centrally located pollen donor was surrounded by S. phureja recipient plots at distances of 10,20,40, and 80 m, respectively. The average pollen contamination ranged from 0.2% in the plots 80 m from the pollen donor to 5.1% in those 10 m away. In this study, procedures are suggested which will help to reduce cross-pollination between accessions.     

Tracking the potato late blight pathogen in the atmosphere using unmanned aerial vehicles and Lagrangian modeling

A means for determining the aerial concentration, C (sporangia m⁻³), of plant pathogenic spores at various distances from a source of inoculum is needed to quantify the potential spread of a plant disease. Values of C for Phytophthora infestans sporangia released from an area source of diseased plants in a potato canopy was quantified in three ways: (1) by using Rotorods to sample the air just above the source, (2) by using unmanned aerial vehicles to sample the air at altitudes up to 90 m above the source and at downwind distances up to 500 m from the source, and (3) by using a Lagrangian stochastic simulation of sporangia flight trajectories to tie these two measurements together. Experiments were conducted using three potato crops over two years. Model predictions of time-average, crosswind-integrated concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.9) with values of C measured using the unmanned aerial vehicles. The model describes the release and dispersal of sporangia from a potato canopy to a downwind distance of 500 m. Thus, it may have utility as a part of an area-wide decision support system by helping to predict risk of disease spread between neighboring or distant potato fields.     

克隆植物中国沙棘种群稳定性维持途径的探讨

中国沙棘属于阳性树种,因此有些学者将其视为群落演替过程中的先锋种群,而有些学者的研究表明它在自然状态下更新良好。近年来的研究进一步证明,中国沙棘能够依靠克隆生长所赋予生理整合和觅养行为等特性提高环境资源的利用效率以及自身的繁殖和生存有效性,通过林窗更新和林缘扩散等途径维持种群的稳定性和持久性。     

Fossil history and modern distribution of the genus Abies (Pinaceae)

The plants of the genus Abies are dominant and key species in the dark coniferous forest in the Northern Hemisphere. There are 52 species, one subspecies and 12 varieties in the genus Abies in the world. The history and modern distribution of Abies were discussed. The genus has three modern distribution centers: South Europe, North America and East Asia. These areas are also rich in fossil records. The vertical distribution regions of Abies are from sea level to an elevation of 4,700 m, concentrated in 1,000–2,000 m (15 species). In China, the genus distributes in 20 provinces, especially abundant in the Hengduan Mountains. Meanwhile, endemic and relic phenomena are obvious in this genus. There are seven relic species with both limited individuals and limited distributed regions. Based on the fossil records and the latest phylogenetic data, the following hypothesis was proposed: Abies originated from the middle and high altitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the middle Cretaceous and it was dispersed southward in the Eocene due to global climate cooling down. The distribution of Abies was deeply influenced by geological events such as the uplift of Himalaya, the Alps, the Rocky Mountains, the occurrence of the Asian Monsoon as well as the Quaternary glaciers. Finally, the current distribution pattern appeared in the Quaternary. The genus Abies has a fossil history and modern distribution pattern similar to that of Cathaya and Pseudolarix. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2006, 28(5): 439–452 [译自: 云南植物研究]     

Pollen dispersal in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard detected using a chloroplast DNA marker

Pollen dispersal was estimated in two test plots in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard using a chloroplast DNA marker, the spacer region between thetrnD andtrnY genes, and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism). In Plot 1, 2,020 seeds from 40 trees within 30 m of the marker tree were analyzed using the PCR-SSCP method. In Plot 2, 1,850 seeds from 37 trees were analyzed in the same manner. The results revealed that the maximum pollen dispersal distance in the two plots exceeded 25 m. Pollen dispersal appeared to be inversely proportional to the distance from the marker tree. The effective pollen dispersal was suggested to be less than about 20 m in a mature hinoki seed orchard. Adjacent trees had an excessive influence when the pollen density was increased by artificial flower stimulation. Therefore, it was suggested that seed production better resembles ideal random mating when carried out as naturally as possible. In conclusion, the SSCP chloroplast DNA marker was a useful tool for amassing basic information on pollen management in seed orchards of coniferous species.     

金佛山方竹和毛金竹单个繁殖体的种群扩散效应

竹类植物种群扩散效应是生态学界关注的热点之一。本文在黔中地区,采用单一繁殖体同地种植方法,持续10年观察了金佛山方竹和毛金竹的种群扩散效应,对比了二者的差异性。结果表明,随着栽植时间的增长,2个竹种的繁殖生长呈现如下变化：1)年出笋日数及出笋最远距离逐年增加,毛金竹的相应值较高,竹种间出笋日数的年分布曲线差异极显著;2)年出笋量、竹笋平均地径及最大地径逐年增加,竹笋密度呈“快速增加—快速降低—平缓稳定”变化态势,除金佛山方竹的竹笋密度较高外、毛金竹的其他指标较高,竹种间出笋量及竹笋密度的年分布曲线差异极显著;3)年新竹数量、平均地径、竹高及胸径处节间长度、以及竹鞭粗度和竹秆基部第1节环竹根数量值逐年增加,成竹率呈“缓慢降低—平缓稳定”变化态势,新竹密度呈“快速增加—快速降低—平缓稳定”变化态势,除金佛山方竹的新竹密度较高外,毛金竹的其他指标较高,竹种间成竹率差异显著、胸径处节间长度及竹秆基部第1节环竹根数量值差异极显著,新竹数量及密度、平均高度及胸径处节间长度、成竹率及竹秆基部根数量的年分布曲线差异极显著;4)平均竹笋质量和出笋时间的负相关极显著,相应值的种间差异显著,毛金竹平均竹笋质量较高。总体而言,毛金竹的种群扩散效应优于金佛山方竹。     

快速检疫中培养松材线虫的冷藏真菌菌种筛选

松材线虫病是一种通过媒介昆虫携带松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染松树而导致松树迅速死亡的一种毁灭性传染病害。人为调运未经处理或处理不彻底的感病原木、木材、薪材及包装箱等制品是病害扩散的主要原因。随着国际贸易往来和国内各地之间各种形式的交流日益频繁,