有机肥非水溶性分解产物对 铜 、镉吸附及解吸的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪淹水培养的非水溶性分解产物、两种土壤( 红壤、潮土) 与这 3 种有机肥共同淹水培养后的非水溶性产物( 水溶性物质被除去) 对铜、镉的沉淀、吸附及解吸作 用的影响。 结果表明, 当铜初始浓度为 10-4mol/ L, pH <6 时有机残渣促进铜的沉淀;当 pH >6 时则抑制了铜的沉淀。 当铜初始浓度降为 10-5mol/ L 时, 有机残渣对铜沉淀的促进作用加强。 3 种有机残渣均促进镉的沉淀, 但促进程度比铜低。 与有机肥共同培养的红壤, 在相同的 pH 条 件下, 提高对铜、镉的吸附;在不调节 pH 条件下, 由于有机肥料有提高 pH 的作用, 进一步提高 对铜 、镉的吸附。 与有机肥共同培养的潮土, 在相同的 pH 条件下, 对铜、镉吸附的影响很小;在 不调节 pH 时, 提高了潮土对铜的吸附, 但对镉吸附的影响则较复杂。 上述结果表明, 有机肥的 非水溶性分解产物主要通过提高体系的 pH 值、与铜、镉形成不溶性的络合物而影响铜、镉的吸 附。 与有机物料共同培养的红壤所吸附的铜、镉的解吸率均不同程度降低。     

紫色土可溶性有机碳的吸附-解吸特征

选择代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为实验材料,采用平衡吸附和动力学吸附法研究了紫色土对可溶性有机碳（DOC）的吸附-解吸特征,分析了土壤理化性质与DOC吸附量之间的关系。结果表明,紫色土对DOC的吸附容量呈以下顺序：酸性紫色土〉中性紫色土〉石灰性紫色土。石灰性紫色土对DOC的解吸率明显高于酸性、中性紫色土,其迁移淋失问题值得重视。紫色土对DOC的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,0~0.5 h内吸附速率最大,随后吸附速率逐渐减小,4~6 h内基本达到吸附平衡。土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和活性铁铝氧化物含量是影响土壤DOC吸附量与解吸率的重要因素。通径分析表明,土壤理化性质对DOC吸附量的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铝含量〉土壤pH值〉有机质,对DOC解吸率的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铁含量〉粘粒〉有机质。多元线性回归模型能较好地预测土壤对DOC的吸附及解吸的变化。     

Zinc sorption–desorption by sand,silt and clay fractions in calcareous soils of Iran

Zinc sorption–desorption by sand, silt and clay fractions of six representative calcareous soils of Iran were measured. Sand, silt and clay particles were fractionated after dispersion of soils with an ultrasonic probe. Zinc sorption analysis was performed by adding eight rates of Zn from 6 to 120 μmol g^?1. For the desorption experiment, samples retained after the measurement of Zn sorption were resuspended sequentially in 0.01 M NaNO₃ solution and shaken for 24 h. Results indicated that Zn sorption by soil fractions increased in the order clay > silt > sand, and correlated negatively with CaCO₃ content and positively with cation exchange capacity (CEC) and smectite content. Results indicated that for all fractions, the Langmuir equation described the sorption rates fairly well. In contrast to sorption, Zn desorption from soil fractions increased in the order sand > silt > clay, and correlated positively with CaCO₃ content, CEC and smectite content. Results showed that parabolic diffusion and two constant equations adequately described the reaction rates of Zn desorption. In general, for all soils studied, the coarser the particle size, the less Zn sorption and more Zn desorption, and this reflects much higher risk of Zn leaching into groundwater or plant uptake in contaminated soils.     

Rice Straw-Derived Biochar Properties and Functions as Cu(Ⅱ) and Cyromazine Sorbents as Influenced by Pyrolysis Temperature

In this study, biochars from rice straw(Oryza sativa L.) were prepared at 200–600?C by oxygen-limited pyrolysis to investigate the changes in properties of rice straw biochars produced at different temperatures, and to examine the adsorption capacities of the biochars for a heavy metal, copper(Ⅱ)(Cu(Ⅱ)), and an organic insecticide of cyromazine, as well as to further reveal the adsorption mechanisms.The results obtained with batch experiments showed that the amount of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorbed varied with the pyrolysis temperatures of rice straw biochar. The biochar produced at 400?C had the largest adsorption capacity for Cu(Ⅱ)(0.37 mol kg-1) among the biochars,with the non-electrostatic adsorption as the main adsorption mechanism. The highest adsorption capacity for cyromazine(156.42 g kg-1) was found in the rice straw biochar produced at 600?C, and cyromazine adsorption was exclusively predominated by surface adsorption. An obvious competitive adsorption was found between 5 mmol L-1Cu(II) and 2 g L-1cyromazine when they were in the binary solute system. Biochar may be used to remediate heavy metal- and organic insecticide-contaminated water, while the pyrolysis temperature of feedstocks for producing biochar should be considered for the restoration of multi-contamination.     

镉在针铁矿、针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中吸附解吸行为比较研究

采用批平衡试验法,比较研究了重金属镉在针铁矿和针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中的吸附热力学和动力学行为。结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,两种吸附剂对Cd2＋的等温吸附特征均可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Linear方程加以描述。其中以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最佳,线性相关系数为：0.991、0.999,由此推导出的最大吸附量分别为41.667和45.455mg·g^-1,表明腐植酸与针铁矿复合胶体较单一针铁矿的吸附力有所提高,且所吸附的镉均难以解吸,平均解吸率分别为5.871%和1.068%。胶体对Cd^2＋的吸附是一个快速反应过程,4h达到吸附平衡。Elovich方程是拟合吸附动力学过程的最优方程（相关系数分别为0.987和0.997）。通过计算镉在针铁矿和针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中的吸附自由能变化量（ΔG的绝对值均〈40kJ·mol^-1）,推测镉在两种胶体中的吸附为物理吸附过程,其吸附机理可能有氢键、偶极作用力和范德华力等作用,而不存在化学键合作用。     

不同浓度铜离子土壤的吸附-解吸行为——兼论弱专性吸附态的存在

研究了三种可变电荷土壤和两种恒电荷土壤不同铜离子浓度条件下的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明,不同铜离子浓度下土壤的pH-Cu2+吸附率曲线均在低pH段出现会合,且随着铜离子浓度升高,pH-Cu2+吸附率曲线有向右偏移的趋势。证实了可变电荷土壤中吸附性铜离子可被去离子水解吸,并存在解吸峰现象。针对解吸前后吸附体系pH值的变化研究结果显示,吸附时体系pH低于5.0时,解吸后pH上升;而吸附体系pH高于5.0时,解吸后pH下降,表明pH5.0可能是土壤吸附铜离子机理发生变化的又一个转折点。本文还对专性吸附中弱吸附态的存在和形成原因进行了初步探讨。     

螯合剂对沉积物中铬的去向的影响

A laboratory investigation on reaction between chelating agents and chromium was conducted to evaluate the effect of chelating agents on the adsorption and desorption of chromium in sediment. The amount of adsorbed chromium(Ⅵ) in sediment decreased slightly by 5%-10% because of addition of chelating agents. Chelating agents inhibited the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) by sediment from solutions and the inhibiting effect was in the order: citric acid > tartaric acid > EDTA, salicylic acid. No effect of chelating agents on desorption of chromium in sediment was observed.     

不同产丝量家蚕品系后部丝腺的蛋白质组学分析

家蚕幼虫后部丝腺是合成和分泌丝素蛋白的重要器官。为从蛋白质水平探究不同家蚕品系产丝量差异的原因,应用蛋白质组学研究方法,选取3个产丝量有较大差异的家蚕品系Ndx、大造和21-872为材料,通过双向电泳和基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术对各品系5龄第5天幼虫后部丝腺表达的差异蛋白进行鉴定,查找与丝蛋白合成相关的蛋白质。结果表明,茧丝突变品系Ndx后部丝腺的蛋白质表达水平与普通丝量品系大造和高丝量品系21-872有差异,差异表达蛋白种类主要为应激反应相关蛋白、能量相关蛋白、蛋白质合成相关蛋白和一些酶类,其中核糖体磷酸化蛋白P0和P2、蛋白质二硫化物异构酶、丝素轻链蛋白Fib-L以及丝素蛋白P25等在Ndx后部丝腺的含量明显低于其它2个品系。推测在茧丝突变品系Ndx的后部丝腺中,上述蛋白质表达量的变化可能是导致其不能正常吐丝结茧的原因。     

Phosphorus accumulation and leaching risk of greenhouse vegetable soils in Southeast China

Over-fertilization has caused significant phosphorus(P) accumulation in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production(GVP) soils. This study, for the first time, quantified profile P accumulation directly from soil P measurements, as well as subsoil P immobilization, in three alkaline coarse-textured GVP soil profiles with 5(S5), 15(S15), and 30(S30) years of cultivation in Tongshan, Southeast China. For each profile, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10(topsoil), 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Phosphorus accumulation was estimated from the difference in P contents between topsoil and parent material(60–100 cm subsoil). Phosphorus mobility was assessed from measurements of water-soluble P concentration(PSol). Finally, P sorption isotherms were produced using a batch sorption experiment and fitted using a modified Langmuir model. High total P contents of 1 980(S5), 3 190(S15), and 2 330(S30) mg kg~(-1) were measured in the topsoils versus lower total P content of approximately 600 mg kg~(-1) in the 80–100 cm subsoils. Likewise, topsoil PSol values were very high, varying from 6.4 to 17.0 mg L~(-1). The estimated annual P accumulations in the topsoils were 397(S5), 212(S15), and 78(S30) kg ha~(-1) year~(-1). Sorption isotherms demonstrated the dominance of P desorption in highly P-saturated topsoils, whereas the amount of adsorbed P increased in the 80–100 cm subsoils with slightly larger P adsorption capacity. The total P adsorption capacity of the 80–100 cm subsoils at a solution P concentration of0.5 mg L~(-1) was 15.7(S5), 8.7(S15), and 6.5(S30) kg ha~(-1), demonstrating that subsoils were unable to secure P concentrations in leaching water below 0.5 mg L~(-1) because of their insufficient P-binding capacity.     

Shortcut Approach Alternative to the Step‐by‐Step Conventional Soil Phosphorus Fractionation Method

Abstract

In an attempt to characterize the phosphorus (P)–supplying capacity of a soil and to understand the dynamics of soil P, a procedure was followed whereby consecutive extraction procedures were carried out on a soil sample, first by dialysis membrane tubes filled with hydrous ferric oxide (DMT‐HFO), followed by subsequent P fractionation procedure. However, this combined method is lengthy and time‐consuming, and an approach to shorten these P desorption studies in soils was important. The major objective of this article, therefore, was to present a shortcut method as an alternative approach to the combined fractionation method. Comparison of the sum of DMT‐HFO‐P_i, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)‐P_i, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)‐P_i, D/hydrochloric acid (HCl)‐P_i, and C/HCl‐P_i extracted by a conventional step‐by‐step method with the sum of DMT‐HFO‐P_i and a single D/HCl‐P_i extraction as a shortcut approach for all extraction periods resulted in a very strong and significant correlations. Both these methods were correlated with maize grain yield, and it was found to be highly significant. This study revealed that this shortcut approach could be a simplified and economically viable option to study the P dynamics of soils especially for soils where the P pool acting as a source in replenishing the labile portion of P is already identified.