分离纯化柿子多糖的树脂筛选及纯化工艺的响应面优化

为解决优化大孔树脂纯化柿子多糖工艺的问题,在对8种大孔树脂进行筛选的基础上,采用三因素三水平响应面法,以动态吸附率和解吸附率为指标进行试验,最终所得优化结果为：树脂AB-8具有较好的分离纯化柿子多糖的性能。优化后的动态吸附试验条件为,样液浓度4.34 mg/mL,上样速率1.89 BV/h,样液体积3.41 BV（柱体积）;解吸附试验条件为：洗脱剂中乙醇浓度55.41%,洗脱速率3.50 BV/h,洗脱剂用量3.54 BV。此条件下,动态吸附率和解吸附率的预测值分别达到89.87%和96.59%,验证值误差均在5%左右。     

Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on modified activated carbonand its release behavior

The adsorption capacity and release behavior of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) were determined on three types of activated carbon: AC-0 (commercial activated carbon), AC-Fe (activated carbon/iron oxide composites) and AC-Mn (activated carbon/manganese oxide composites). The adsorption fitted to the Freundlich, Langmuir and Langmuir-Freundlich models. The Langmuir-Freundlich model had been found most suitable for equilibrium data. The presence of iron oxide and manganese oxide did not significantly affect the surface area or pore structure of activated carbon, in addition, which had little effect on the adsorption capacity of activated carbon. Compared to AC-Fe and AC-Mn, AC-0 had a higher efficiency of SMZ desorption. Adsorption probably occurred through a surface complexation mechanism and was accompanied by degradation of some SMZ, which would play significant role in improving the ability of AC-Fe and AC-Mn adsorbing SMZ.     

Changes in net ecosystem production associated with forest fire in taiga ecosystems,near Yakutsk,Russia

Abstract

The effect of sucrose on the growth of rice plants under gnotobiotic conditions was studied at test tube scale in vinyl isolators under weak or strong light. Under weak light (500 lux) the growth of rice plants on agar medium containing only inorganic nutrients during the 20 days after transplanting stopped at 3rd leaf stage, whereas plants on agar medium containing inorganic nutrient plus 2% sucrose grew to 5th or 6th leaf stage. Under strong light (1.5 × 10⁴ lux) the stage of tillering was promoted by supplying sucrose. The growth of rice plants in pot-hydroculture under weak light had the same tendency as that obtained in test tube culture under weak light.

Considering the concentration of inorganic elements in rice shoots, it seems most likely that the uptake of inorganic elements. especially phosphorus and potassium, was enhanced by the supplements of 2% sucrose under weak light. An increase of calcium and manganese uptake was observed in plants grown in medium containing 2% sucrose compared with that of plants grown in inorganic medium alone under strong light. The uptake of inorganic elements from medium containing inorganic nutrients plus 2% sucrose depended chiefly on light energy under strong light in the phytotron used.     

Equivalence or complementarity of soil‐solution extraction methods

Several methods are used for the extraction of soil solution. The objective of this study was to find out to what extent the different extraction methods yield complementary or equivalent information. Soil solutions were sampled once at 10 different forest sites in Germany, with 4 sampling points per site, using 5 different extraction methods. Concentrations of the major ions in the 1:2 extracts and the equilibrium soil‐pore solutions (obtained from percolation of field‐fresh soil cores) were generally lower than in desorption solutions, suction‐cup solutions, and saturation extracts. Surprisingly, the latter three methods generally yielded equivalent results. However, possible systematic differences between these methods could have been masked by the high small‐scale spatial variability within the sites.     

Pollution and Desorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals at Agricultural Soils in Southeastern Iran

Desorption of heavy metals is an important factor in determining heavy-metal availability in soils. The objective of this research was to determine the applicability of kinetic equations to describe the kinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) desorption at two agricultural soils of Kerman Province in Iran. For Cd and Cu desorption studies, 5 g of the air-dried <2-mm soil fraction was extracted with 25 ml of 0.01 M ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with a shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. The desorption patterns of Cu and Cd were generally characterized by an initial fast reaction, followed by a slower continuing reaction. Desorption of Cu and Cd from the two soils was equally well described by the two-constant rate and simple Elovich equations. The results of this study can be used to make better prediction about the mobility and bioavailability of the Cu and Cd in soil.     

天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚解吸过程的初步研究

选择5种有机质含量不同的天然土壤,采用批量实验方法考察典型多溴联苯醚8DE47的解吸行为,并尝试利用非线性Freundlich模型和线性模型模拟不同初试浓度条件下BDE47的土壤解吸过程。针对较为显著的器壁吸附影像,所有检测数据均进行器壁吸附定量修正。结果表明,BDE47土壤解吸过程总体分为初始的快解吸和后续的慢解吸两个阶段。在初始阶段,BDE47解吸过程表现为线性行为,但非线性特征随解吸时间延长呈现增强趋势。土壤有机质（用TOC表征）释放的溶解有机质是影响土壤中BDE47解吸行为差异的主要因素之一。     

The Remobilization of Metals from Iron Oxides and Sediments by Metal-EDTA Complexes

Synthetic chelating agents such as EDTA form strong complexes with heavy metals and therefore have the potential to remobilize metals from sediments and aquifers. In natural waters EDTA is present almost exclusively in the form of metal-complexes. Therefore, remobilization of metals is always a metal-metal-EDTA exchange reaction. We have investigated, to our knowledge for the first time, the remobilization of metals from the surface of synthetic iron oxides and from a river sediment by different metal-EDTA complexes. The metals are exchanged as follows:MeEDTA_dissolved + Me^ast _adsorbed Me^astEDTA_dissolved + Me_adsorbed The order of the remobilization rate of Zn²⁺ from goethite is CaEDTA > Fe(III)EDTA, reflecting the slow exchange reaction of Fe(III)EDTA. For the remobilization of Pb²⁺ from goethite, the rate was found to be Fe(III)EDTA > CaEDTA > ZnEDTA. Here, Fe(III)EDTA has surprisingly the fastest exchange rate. Only very limited remobilization of Pb²⁺ is possible from hydrous ferric oxide at pH 8 due to the very strong adsorption of Pb²⁺. The order of remobilization of Zn²⁺ from a natural river sediment was found to be CaEDTA > CuEDTA > Fe(III)EDTA. The remobilization rate of Zn²⁺ with Fe(III)EDTA is only 12% of the rate with CaEDTA, illustrating the importance of EDTA speciation for assessing remobilization.     

基于冠层多光谱数据预测水稻氮素营养状况

A soil batch experiment was conducted to investigate both separate and compound effects of three types of surfactants： anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodiumsalt （DBSS）, cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）, and nonionic nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether （TX-100）, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on cadmium solubility, sorption kinetics, and sorption-desorption behavior in purple soil. The results indicated that both individual application of the three types of surfactants and surfactants combined with EDTA could stimulate Cd extraction from the soil with a general effectiveness ranking of EDTA/TX-100 〉 EDTA/DBSS 〉 EDTA/CTAB 〉 EDTA 〉 TX-100 〉 DBSS 〉 CTAB. Further study showed that the compound application of surfactants and EDTA had stronger （P 〈 0.05） effects on Cd solubility than those added individually. The application of surfactants and EDTA to purple soil （P 〈 0.05） decreased the proportion of Cd sorbed, while their effectiveness ranking was similar to that of enhanced solubilization. The sorption kinetics of Cd in purple soil was best described by the double-constant equation, while the Freundlich equation gave an excellent fit to the sorption isotherm curves. Therefore, surfactant-enhanced remediation of Cd contaminated soil is feasible and further research should be conducted.     

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

Long-Term Phosphorus Desorption Using Dialysis Membrane Tubes Filled with Iron Hydroxide and its Effect on Phosphorus Pools

Many agricultural fields that have received long-term applications of phosphorus (P) often contain levels of P exceeding those required for optimal crop production. Knowledge of the effect of the P remaining in the soil (residual effect) is of great importance for fertilization management. Plant P availability of residual P in soils is usually estimated using successive cropping experiments carried out in field or greenhouse studies. As this approach is very expensive and time consuming, more rapid soil test methods that can approximate this biological measure are required. The objective of this paper was to use a different approach to evaluate P availability (desorption) over a long period of time instead of the classical means of extraction. Thus, a modified sequential P extraction procedure using dialysis membrane tube filled with ferric hydrate solution (DMT-HFO) was used on the long-term P fertilized soils that received differential P treatments (PoLo, P₁L₁ and P₂L₁) to determine the changes in the different P pools and to relate these P fractions with maize yield. In this study, the contribution of both the labile and non-labile Pi fractions in replenishing the solution Pi was significant where as the organic fractions appeared to have limited contributions in replenishing the solution P. Highly significant correlations were observed between dry matter yield and the P pools extracted by HFO-P_i (0.997*), HCO₃-P_i (r = 0.994**), OH-P_i (r = 0.969**), OH-P_o (r = 0.944**), D/HCl-Pi (0.991**), and C/HCl-P_i (r = 0.997**). Strongly significant correlations were also observed between the different P fractions and plant P uptake. The C/HCl-Pi was the fraction that decreased most especially for the high P treatments indicating that this fraction contributed significantly to the P extracted by DMT-HFO. This suggested that this fraction might be a buffer to more labile P fractions. The combined method employed here could act as an analytical tool to approximate successive cropping experiments carried out under green house condition. But the applicability of this method at a field level should also be assessed. Data from a wider range of soils is also needed to evaluate the universality of this method.