井窖式移栽不同栽植深度对烤烟前期生长发育的影响

为探明井窖式移栽不同栽植深度对烟株前期生长发育的影响,在贵阳龙岗基地开展了田间试验。结果表明,移栽后35 d,烟苗生长点距井窖口6 cm处理烟株农艺性状表现最好,生物量、根系活力最高,根系发育最好,综合效应系数最大。井窖式移栽适合的栽植深度以烟苗生长点距井窖口6 cm最为适宜,有利于烟株前期地上部生长、根系发育及干物质积累。     

滨海盐土暗管排水降渍脱盐效果研究

在江苏省滨海盐土按不同埋深和间距埋设地下暗管,其降渍、脱盐作用主要表现在丰水期(7～9月)内,在试验范围内,10 m间距暗管的降渍效果最显著,但与15 m间距暗管的脱盐效果相差不明显;在较小间距(10 m)时,1.4 m埋深暗管的降渍效果优于1.2 m埋深,埋设间距≥15 m后,埋深对暗管降渍效果无明显影响,而在所有埋设间距处理中,1.4 m埋深暗管的脱盐效果均优于1.2 m埋深。综合比较分析各相关试验结果,并考虑暗管埋设的初期投资和后期维护成本,推荐间距15 m、埋深1.4 m为江苏滨海盐土降渍脱盐的地下暗管工程最佳布设参数。     

地下水埋深对夏玉米根冠生长和耗水量的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,借助自制的Mariotte瓶装置,通过设置6种地下水埋深控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.01、.2m),探讨了不同地下水埋深对夏玉米的地上部分、根系生物量及耗水量的影响。结果表明,夏玉米株高和冠层叶面积随地下水埋深减小有增加的趋势,但是当地下水埋深减小到一定程度时就会抑制株高、叶面积,地下水埋深0.6m处理株高和叶面积系数(LAI)最大。各土层根系及其总生物量随地下水埋深增大而增大;地上部总生物量与地下部根生物量的比值随地下水埋深的增大呈明显减少的趋势。夏玉米全生育期和各阶段耗水量分别与地下水埋深呈较好的负相关关系,达到极显著水平(P<0.01);地下水补给量占耗水量的比例随地下水埋深的增大而逐步降低。研究结果可为江淮丘陵区夏玉米灌溉制度的制定及农田排水工程的设计提供参考依据。     

The effect of water table depth on emissions of N2O from a grassland soil

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured by the closed chamber technique from five plots along a transect in a nitrogen‐fertilised grassland, together with soil water content, soil temperature and water table depth, to investigate the effect of water table depth on N₂O emissions. N₂O fluxes varied from <1 g N₂O‐N ha^?1 day^?1 to peaks of around 500–1200 g N₂O‐N ha^?1 day^?1 after N fertiliser applications. There was no significant difference in overall average water table depth between four of the five plots, but significant short‐term temporal variations in water table depth did occur. Rises in the water table were accompanied by exponential increases in N₂O emissions, through the associated increases in the water‐filled pore space of the topsoil. Modelling predicted that if the water table could be managed such that it was kept to no less than 35 cm below the ground surface, fluxes during the growing season would be reduced by 50%, while lowering to 45 cm would reduce them by over 80%. The strong implication of these results is that draining grasslands, so that the water tables are only rarely nearer to the surface than 35 cm when N is available for denitrification, would substantially reduce N₂O emissions.     

Root distribution ofDactyladenia (Acioa) barteri andSenna (Cassia) siamea in alley cropping on Ultisol. I. Implication for field experimentation

Root observations were carried out on a typic Paleudult in the humid forest zone of south eastern Nigeria in an alley cropping trial usingDactyladenia (Acioa) barteri andSenna (Cassia) siamea as hedgerow trees and the interrow space planted to maize/cassava intercrop. Rooting depth ofD. barteri andS. siamea exceeded 1.6 m. Lateral root propagation ofS. siamea was 15 m, and ofD. barteri was 5 m from the hedgerows. The whole no-tree control plot was within the range of roots of the adjacent hedgerows. Rooting density and depth ofS. siamea in the no-tree control plot was generally higher than of cassava.S. siamea and cassava root density were inversely correlated. Assuming radial symmetry of root propagation, water and nutrients were available from an area 6.1 and 2.3 times larger than the allocated plot size ofS. siamea andD. barteri, respectively. Data obtained in alley cropping trials, not considering lateral root propagation, can be invalidated through exploitation of the no-tree control treatment and nutrient acquisition by hedgerow species from a larger area than allocated, thus underestimating and overestimating the performances of the respective treatments. Possible alternative measures for avoiding root interference are discussed but no good solution can be given.     

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤团聚体磷素分配的影响

长期磷肥投入显著增加了耕层土壤各团聚体组分中磷素累积,而作为评判磷素是否向地下水迁移的重要指标,深层土壤团聚体磷素分配对长期磷肥投入的响应仍缺乏系统评估。本研究依托始于1981年红壤稻田长期定位试验,选取不施磷肥（NK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,在长期试验40年后（2020年）,分别采集0～20、20～40、40～60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了全土和各团聚体组分的总磷和有效磷含量,并探讨了施肥-团聚体质量百分比-团聚体磷素之间的内在关系。结果表明,所有施肥处理均表现为>2 mm团聚体质量百分比随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,与NK处理相比,磷肥施用显著提高了0～20 cm和20～40 cm全土和团聚体组分中有效磷含量,且NPKM处理的增幅最大。与NK处理相比,NPKM处理下0～20、20～40cm和40～60 cm各团聚体总磷含量分别提高了2.14～2.60、1.39～2.80倍和27.03%～180%,各团聚体有效磷含量增幅分别为12.95～18.29、7.57～12.31倍和70.67%～709%。同时,NPKM处理总磷和有效磷的增幅呈现出...     

土地利用方式和地形对半干旱区土壤有机碳含量的影响

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,以实地调查数据为基础,结合土地利用方式与地形的变化,对敖汉旗0～100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的空间分布特征进行了研究,旨在对地区碳储量的估算和科学利用土地资源起到积极的借鉴作用。结果表明,敖汉旗土壤有机碳含量在0～100 cm深度的土壤剖面内的变化范围为0.23～20.71 g/kg,主要集中在40 cm以上土层,且随着土层深度的增加土壤有机碳平均含量逐渐降低;各土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量均表现为:林地农地草地。土壤有机碳含量主要富集在高海拔区的平缓地段;受土壤侵蚀的影响,当坡度10°后,不同土地利用类型的有机碳含量均显著降低。     

基于深度图像和生猪骨架端点分析的生猪步频特征提取

为高效提取生猪的行走快慢特征,以微软公司Kinect作为图像采集设备,采集生猪运动深度图像序列。在对各帧深度图像进行骨架提取、剪枝的基础上,采用基于路径相似性骨架图匹配法确定生猪前后肢骨架端点,进一步以骨架端点所属骨架枝子集像素值特征判定端点远近侧属性。以生猪前后肢远、近侧端点的帧间相对坐标变化建立了生猪运动模型,提出了通过帧间坐标变化点集拟合正弦曲线计算生猪行走完整步的方法。最后,通过计算序列完整步与序列采集时间长度比值提取生猪步频特征。通过对采集的28个生猪运动深度图像序列及其镜像序列共56个图像序列进行的试验,表明该文提出方法的正确率达到82.1%。该项研究对于开展生猪异常步态分析,进一步建立生猪多源特征融合的计算机视觉异常监测系统,提高生猪异常行为预警可靠性具有重要意义。     

基于LabVIEW的果园开沟深度监测系统的设计与试验

针对开沟作业过程中存在作业深度依靠人工监测准确性低、人工工作量大等问题,研制了一种基于LabVIEW的开沟深度监测系统,配套搭建了单片机下位机系统,实现了开沟深度等参数的实时监测、计算、显示与保存。为了降低作业环境、机具抖动对数据造成的影响,分别采用中值滤波、卡尔曼滤波、小波降噪-卡尔曼滤波3种滤波方法对数据进行滤波修正处理。试验验证表明:系统能够实时监测开沟作业过程中的开沟深度,并实时计算开沟深度平均值、开沟深度标准差、开沟深度稳定、作业时间等参数;对比3种滤波算法,小波降噪-卡尔曼滤波降噪效果最好,能够实现对数据的滤波修正处理,修正后系统准确性较好,能够满足系统设计需求。