鳄鱼血蛋白酶解产物抗氧化特性和血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性研究

研究了鳄鱼血蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化特性和对血管紧张素转化酶（ ACE）的抑制活性。利用木瓜蛋白酶酶解鳄鱼血浆蛋白和血球蛋白,用分光光度法测定了酶解产物的抗氧化能力和用高效液相色谱（ HPLC）测定其ACE的抑制率。结果显示：鳄鱼血浆和血球蛋白酶解产物的亚铁离子螯合能力差异性不显著（ P＞0．05）;在0～5 mg/mL的浓度范围内,血球蛋白酶解产物清除ABTS自由基的能力大于血浆蛋白酶解产物,且在浓度为1 mg/mL时,两者清除ABTS自由基的能力差异性极显著（ P＜0．01）;血浆蛋白酶解产物清除DPPH自由基的能力在0～5 mg/mL的浓度范围内随着蛋白浓度的增加而升高,血球蛋白酶解产物在蛋白浓度为4 mg/mL处达到最大清除率,之后下降;在0～20 mg/mL的浓度范围内,两种酶解产物的还原力随着蛋白浓度的提高显著升高,但两者还原力的差异性不显著（ P＞0．05）;鳄鱼血浆和血球蛋白酶解产物对ACE具有良好的抑制力,其最大抑制率可分别达到75．56％和86．42％。研究表明,鳄鱼血蛋白酶解产物在体外具有抗氧化和抑制ACE的活性。     

Nutrient Compositions and Properties of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Muscle and Processing By-Products

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the morphometrics, proximate chemical compositions, pH, total amino acid (TAA), fatty acid profile, and minerals of the processing by-products of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The nutrient compositions and properties of the by-products were revealed by being compared to those of Antarctic krill muscle and the economically important species of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense) and penaeid shrimps (Metapenaeus ensis). The by-products are worthy of utilization because of the high ratio to the total weight (65.7%). The crude protein contents in the muscle and by-products of krill are 17.4 and 11.7%, respectively. The krill proteins have higher contents of essential amino acids (EAAs). The EAAs constitute 42 and 37% of the TAAs in muscle and by-products, respectively. The krill processing by-products contain high levels of total lipid (3.3%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute 34% of fatty acids with high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 19.08%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 10.02%). Krill meat provides considerable iron, zinc, calcium, selenium, and copper. It is imperative to lower the fluoride level (70.1 mg/kg, wet basis) in krill muscle. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reveals that myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin are the major proteins in muscle, and their contents vary between species.     

K型网目对渔用乙纶网片拉伸力学性能的影响

以网片断裂强力、网片断裂伸长率和网片断裂强力保持率为指标，研究了不同K型网目对渔用乙纶网片拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明：K型网目下网目内径之比在1.01～1．20时，网片断裂强力随着网目内径之比的增大而下降，两者呈密函数相关。同规格线的网片，K型网目下且两网目内径之比相同时，小规格网目尺寸的网片断裂强力损失小，断裂伸长率高，而大规格网目尺寸的网片断裂强力损失大．断裂伸长率低。     

Characterization and Film-Forming Properties of Gelatins from Whitemouth Croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) Skin and Bones

The Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), due to its abundance, is considered one of the most traditional and important species fished in the coastal waters and estuaries of South America. The aim of this work was to produce biopolymeric films of gelatins obtained from skin and bones of Whitemouth croaker. The fish gelatins were characterized through the yield, chemical composition, physiochemical, and rheological properties. The films were characterized by tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), water vapor permeability (WVP), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and optical properties. The values of protein yield, hydroxyproline content, gel strength, melting temperature, gelling temperature, and viscosity of the skin gelatin were higher than the values of the bone gelatin. The films obtained of skin gelatin showed all properties and thermal analysis superior in relation to the films of bone gelatin; this can be justified by the best physicochemical and rheological characteristics of the skin gelatin.     

三峡水库小江流域消落区土壤的理化性状

2009年5月、7月和9月对小江流域上游至下游消落区的5个断面的土壤理化性状进行监测。结果表明,土壤容重、孔隙度、pH、有机质、全氮和全磷的总体平均值分别为1.47g/cm3、45%、7.33、16.42g/kg、0.79g/kg和0.59g/kg,变化范围分别为1.15～1.68g/cm3、37.0%～61.0%、4.04～8.72、6.64～35.69g/kg、0.40～1.42g/kg和0.36～0.94g/kg。高程150m处的土壤容重均值在7月下降、9月增加,160m处的土壤容重均值在7月增加较多,9月变化不大;不同高程处的孔隙度均值变化与土壤容重变化呈相反的变化趋势;高程160m处土壤有机质在7月有所下降,9月变化不大;各高程土壤全氮和全磷总体呈7月升高、9月下降趋势。并对消落区土壤理化性状变化的影响因素进行了初步分析。     

Mitochondrial NAD(P)-dependent malic enzyme from herring testicular tissue: Purification,kinetic behaviour and regulatory properties

Mitochondrial NAD(P)-dependent malic enzyme [EC 1.1.1.39, L-malate: NAD⁺ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)] was purified from herring testicular tissue to a specific activity of 26.4 μmol NADH/min/mg protein. Herring testicular tissue is one of the most abundant sources of this enzyme. The purification procedure involved differential centrifugation of mitochondria and then chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, Red Agarose and Sephacryl S-300. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate in the presence of Mn²⁺ and either NAD or NADP. Under V_max conditions the ratios for the rate of NAD/NADP reduction was 1.8. A study of the reductive carboxulation reaction indicated that this enzyme reaction is reversible; at pH 7.0 the reverse reaction exhibited 22% of the activity of forward reaction. Some kinetic characteristics of the enzyme were determined. ATP was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to malate. Fumarate reversed ATP inhibition. Regulation of NAD(P)-dependent malic enzyme from herring testicular tissue mitochondria could respond to changing levels of mitochondrial ATP and fumarate in vivo.     

珠母贝糖胺聚糖的纯化及其化学性质

珠母贝糖胺聚糖粗制品经吸附、等电点沉淀、醇沉、溴化十六浣基三甲铵（ＣＴＡＢ）络合等进行分离纯化,得一糖胺聚糖级分。经醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳显示为单一区带。化学组成分析表明：该级分氨基已糖含量较高（７１．３％）,其中以氨基半乳糖为（５９％）,含量少量的乙糖醛酸,含硫酸基、半乳糖、岩藻糖。元素分析表明其碳、氢、氮、硫的含量分别为３７．７％、５．８％、３．０％。对级分的残余氨基酸分析表明,８４．２％氨基酸已     

市售氯硝柳胺在斑点叉尾组织中的残留消除规律研究

为了研究氯硝柳胺在斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctalus)组织中的残留消除规律,在静水条件下经安全性试验确定安全浓度后,直接对水族箱泼洒25%氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐(NES)粉剂后采集斑点叉尾皮肤、肌肉和水样。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(HPLC-ESI/MS/MS)测定样品中氯硝柳胺的浓度,结果表明,静水条件下25%氯硝柳胺乙醇胺对斑点叉尾的安全浓度为0.113 mg/kg;养殖水环境中氯硝柳胺能快速消解,实验第2天即低于1μg/L,并呈无规律性持续较长时间;用药24 h内,氯硝柳胺在鱼体肌肉和鱼皮中具有较强的蓄积能力,但48 h后,其在鱼皮和肌肉中呈现快速消除至较低浓度,但后期消除缓慢,并会持续一定时间;氯硝柳胺(NIC)在斑点叉尾肌肉和鱼皮中的消除半衰期T1/2分别为10.66和9.24 d,显著大于在水体中的消除半衷期。     

养殖水体中高效氨氮降解菌的分离与鉴定

以(NH4)2SO4为惟一氮源的选择性培养基,从养鱼池水中分离筛选到1株高效氨氮降解菌X2。当NH4 -N初始质量浓度为50 mg/L时,该菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率>95%,并具有硝酸还原和亚硝酸还原能力。初步鉴定该菌株为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。     

Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa gelatinosa: Characterization and Assessment of Their Antioxidant and Metal-Chelating Activities

Cyanobacteria, particularly thermophilic strains, represent an important potential source of EPSs, harboring structural complexity that predicts diverse and specific bioactive potential. The thermophilic cyanobacteria Gloeocapsa gelatinosa, isolated from a natural hot source in Ain Echfa (Tunisia), was cultivated in a cylindrical reactor, and the production of biomass and EPSs was investigated. Results revealed that the strain is amongst the most efficient EPSs producers (0.89 g L⁻¹) and that EPSs production was not correlated with the growth phase. EPSs were sulfated heteropolysaccharides containing carbohydrates (70%) based on nine different monosaccharides, mainly mannose (22%), and with the presence of two uronic acids. EPSs were formed by two polymers moieties with a molecular weight of 598.3 ± 7.2 and 67.2 ± 4.4 kDa. They are thermostable in temperatures exceeding 100 °C and have an anionic nature (zeta potential of −40 ± 2 mV). Atomic force microscopy showed that EPSs formed multimodal lumps with 88 nm maximum height. EPSs presented high water holding capacity (70.29 ± 2.36%) and solubility index (97.43 ± 1.24%), and a strong bivalent metal sorption capacity especially for Cu²⁺ (91.20 ± 1.25%) and Fe²⁺ (75.51 ± 0.71%). The antioxidant activity of G. gelatinosa EPSs was investigated using four methods: the β-carotene-bleaching activity, DPPH assays, iron-reducing activity, and metal-chelating activity. EPS has shown high potential as free radicals’ scavenger, with an IC₅₀ on DPPH (0.2 g L⁻¹) three-fold lower than ascorbic acid (0.6 g L ⁻¹) and as a metal chelating activity (IC₅₀ = 0.4 g L⁻¹) significantly lower than EDTA. The obtained results allow further exploration of the thermophilic G. gelatinosa for several biotechnological and industrial applications.