2-羟基-1,4-萘醌在土壤中降解作用和淋溶行为研究

采用室内培养法和土柱法,研究了2-羟基-1,4-萘醌在土壤中的降解作用和淋溶行为。结果表明,2-羟基-1,4-萘醌在灭菌和非灭菌土壤中的降解半衰期分别为3.47～6.98d和0.42～0.53d,且随着2-羟基-1,4-萘醌浓度增加,其降解半衰期延长。说明微生物对其降解过程起主导作用。参考POPs国际公约关于化学品持久性的定义,2-羟基-1,4-萘醌在土壤中属于易降解有机物。通过2-羟基-1,4-萘醌在土壤中的淋溶研究发现：当其添加浓度为5mg·kg-1和10mg·kg-1时,各处理土层中均未检出2-羟基-1,4-萘醌;当添加浓度为20mg·kg-1时,仅在0～10cm土层样品中检测到2-羟基-1,4-萘醌。与未老化土壤相比,2-羟基-1,4-萘醌在老化土壤中的淋溶作用减弱。     

滇池流域农田土壤氮素流失影响因子研究

本试验采用田间原位模拟降雨并结合多元线性回归(逐步)的统计分析方法,分别在滇池流域的6个点位研究了旱季和雨季农田土壤的理化性质与氮素流失的关系。结果表明:各点位进行的模拟降雨的产流起始时间、产流历时和平均出水速度,在径流和渗漏两种流失方式下差异显著;两次径流试验中,质地为砂质黏壤土的C-2点(大渔乡元宝村)的初始产流强度和平均产流强度均最大。渗漏是氮素流失的主要方式,流失的形态主要是与NO3--N为主。土壤的孔隙度与降雨平均入渗率呈显著正相关,与径流中总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)的流失量呈负相关。0～20 cm的土壤硝态氮含量与地表径流和渗漏中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)的流失量呈极显著的正相关,是影响氮素流失的最重要因子,且0～20 cm土壤有机质含量与氮素的流失量呈正相关,土壤pH、5～20 cm的土壤含水量均与TN及NO3--N的流失量呈负相关。0～5 cm土壤铵态氮与NH4+-N的流失量呈正相关。     

土壤中双氰胺降解及与降解菌的关系

采用灭菌土培、非灭菌土培、田间蔬菜种植、添加外源降解菌土培试验研究了土壤中双氰胺（DCD）降解及与降解菌的关系。结果显示,不论是单施DCD、尿素配施DCD,还是碳酸氢铵配施DCD的土壤,灭菌处理的土壤中DCD半衰期分别比不灭菌处理的长13.56、5.79、14.51d。降解菌生长期间,降解菌总量（x）与DCD降解呈显著正相关,拟合的线性方程为y=3.1841x-2.5452,r=0.9752。外源DCD降解真菌可在灭菌土壤中定殖并有效降解DCD,培养15d后,U＋DCD＋DCD降解菌处理土壤中DCD降解真菌的数量增加至36.40×105cfu,且DCD含量极显著降低。这些结果表明土壤中DCD降解与降解菌关系极为密切,添加外源真菌加速了土壤中DCD降解。     

Biomass and Phosphorus Uptake Responses of Maize to Phosphorus Application in Three Acid Soils from Southern Cameroon

Abstract

A phosphorus (P) greenhouse experiment was carried out with maize (Zea Mays L.) using surface horizons of three contrasted acid soils from southern Cameroon. The objectives were (i) to assess causal factors of maize differential growth and P uptake and (ii) to explore plant–soil interactions in acid soils under increasing P supply. Shoot and root dry‐matter yield and P uptake were significantly influenced by soil type and P rate (P<0.000), but the interaction was not significant. Soil properties that significantly (P<0.05) influenced maize growth variables were available P, soil pH, exchangeable bases [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)], and exchangeable aluminium (Al). Data ordination through principal‐component analysis highlighted a four‐component model that accounted for 88.1% of total system variance (TSV) and summarized plant reaction in acid soil condition. The first component, associated with 36.1% of TSV, pointed at increasing root–shoot ratio with increasing soil acidity and exchangeable Al. The second component (24.6% of TSV) highlighted soil labile P pool increase as a function of P rate. The third and fourth components reflected nitrogen (N) accumulation in soils and soil texture variability, respectively.     

Landscape and Land‐Use Effects on the Spatial Variation of Soil Chemical Properties

The current study addressed the spatial variation of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), extractable phosphorus (EP), and extractable potassium (EK) in agricultural soils of a representative region, northeast China. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the effects of landscape attributes and land use were also investigated. The techniques used included conventional statistics, geostatistics, and geographic information systems (GIS). Our study demonstrated that EP had the greatest coefficient of variation (CV), and CEC had the least CV. The experimental semivariograms of the five soil chemical properties included in this study were all fitted with exponential models. The five soil variables all showed moderate spatial dependence. The SOM, EK, and CEC decreased with increasing altitude. Significant negative relationships were found between the slope gradient and EP, EK, and CEC. Relatively steeper slopes might result in greater soil erosion, which leads to a decline in soil nutrients. Soil types had significant impacts on all soil chemical properties, which reflect the effect of the parent soil material. In general, the mean values of soil variables for vegetable land were statistically greater than those for upland and paddy fields. After being divided into two parts along the Yinma River, soil samples of the western part have statistically greater SOM, EP, EK, and CEC values than those collected from the eastern part.     

微生物降解1,2,4-三氯苯研究进展

1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)的微生物降解机制包括好氧降解、还原脱氯和共代谢。本文简要综述了国内外对1,2,4-TCB微生物降解方面的研究进展,分析了其微生物降解的可行性,讨论了其好氧降解的微生物种类以及降解途径,阐述了厌氧条件下,混合菌群以及纯菌株对1,2,4-TCB还原脱氯的过程,目的是为1,2,4-TCB污染土壤的微生物修复提供依据。     

重金属锌对猪粪堆肥过程中氧化还原类酶活性的影响

以猪粪和秸秆为主要试验材料,添加不同浓度重金属Zn,采取发酵罐处理方法,在好氧高温条件下研究了重金属Zn对猪粪堆肥过程中多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶活性的变化,以及堆腐过程堆体温度、堆料pH值、胡敏酸E4/E6值的变化。结果表明：（1）低量重金属Zn处理（L）较不添加重金属Zn（CK）和添加高量重金属Zn（H）堆料升温快、温度高、高温持续时间长。（2）重金属Zn的加入对堆料的pH值影响不大,不是影响堆肥进程的直接原因。（3）H处理在整个堆肥过程中E4/E6值均高于L和CK,表明高浓度Zn处理抑制腐殖质的缩合和芳构化。（4）L处理的多酚氧化酶活性大多数时间高于H处理的活性,说明低量重金属Zn更好地促进了木质素的降解及其产物的转化。（5）从整个堆肥过程来看,3个不同处理的脱氢酶活性表现出一定的不稳定性,可能是重金属对脱氢酶活性有抑制作用的同时发生＂抗性酶活性＂现象。     

乙草胺降解菌Y-4的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从长期经乙草胺污染的污泥中分离到一株能以乙草胺为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株Y-4,通过生理生化实验和16S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定为申氏杆菌属（Shinella sp.）。采用室内培养方法,研究了Y-4对乙草胺的降解特性。结果表明,Y-4能有效地降解浓度为5～200 mg.L-1的乙草胺,在48 h内对50 mg.L-1乙草胺的降解率达到83.3%。菌株Y-4降解乙草胺的最适pH值为8.0,最适温度为30℃,其对丙草胺和丁草胺等农药也有良好的降解效果。     

黄山风景区步道土壤理化性质变化特征分析

步道作为旅游景区重要的基础设施之一,是旅游活动冲击的主要对象,尤其以步道两侧土壤环境受影响最为显著。在黄山风景区内选择7条主要步道,设置14条调查样带,每条样带按照距游道远近依次选取5个连续样方,每个样方的面积设置为1 m×1m。在野外调查和实验室分析的基础上,采用多重比较等方法并建立土壤影响指数模型来探讨旅游活动对黄山风景区土壤环境的影响程度和规律。结果显示:旅游活动对土壤的硬度、pH值、有机质、全磷、全钾等因子的变化有显著的影响,其受影响范围主要集中在距步道4m内;由于游客访问比例不同,不同步道受影响的程度有明显差异,其中以玉屏景区和北海景区受影响较为严重,天海景区和西海景区次之,上山道和下山道受影响最小。     

煤矿矿区不同采煤塌陷年限土壤物理性质对比研究

为揭示采煤塌陷对矿区土壤物理性质的影响机理,为矿区生态修复和重建提供理论依据,在选取典型样地的基础上,采用土壤测定方法,研究了不同塌陷年限不同土层土壤物理性质的变化。结果表明:随采煤塌陷年限的延长,矿区表层土壤密度逐渐增大,底层土壤密度先增大后减小;毛管孔隙度逐渐下降,非毛管孔隙度先下降后上升;表层土壤总孔隙度逐渐下降,底层土壤总孔隙度先下降后上升;土壤体积含水量和土壤贮水量先上升后下降,土壤质量含水量逐渐下降;表层土壤毛管持水量逐渐降低,底层土壤毛管持水量先下降后上升;表层土壤田间持水量逐渐降低,底层土壤田间持水量先下降后上升;土壤排水能力先下降后上升。