利用氦氖激光诱变提高枯草芽孢杆菌纤溶酶活力的研究

通过诱变筛选纤溶酶活性高的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株,得到突变株HDBF-N7HN5。使用氦氖激光诱变,设置不同的诱变时间,通过不同的蛋白平板处理,筛选高产突变株并检测纤溶酶活力。实验结果表明,在氦氖激光诱变处理45 min后,最高产突变株纤溶酶活力达到429.89±5.74 IU/mL。突变株经过10次传代培养后,保持稳定的高产纤溶酶特性。纤溶酶粗酶液处理血凝块的绝对溶解率可达到57.74±0.72%,10倍稀释液处理血凝块的绝对溶解率也能达到26.89±0.68%,菌株产生的纤溶酶具有良好的体外溶栓效果。本研究结果既提高了微生物纤溶酶活性,也为该菌株产纤溶酶的产业化提供了依据。     

黄河故道区域不同种植模式及秸秆还田方式对土壤的改良效果

由于长期受到流水冲击,黄河故道区域农田以中低产田为主,因此本区域农田质量提升成为黄河中下游平原绿色发展的重要研究课题。在河南濮阳清丰地区秸秆还田方式的基础上,选取黄河故道区域广泛种植的小麦、玉米和花生三大主要农作物,于2009年进行4种种植模式长期定位试验：小麦-玉米、小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生和单季花生,其中小麦和玉米秸秆全部还田,花生秸秆不还田,探究不同种植模式对土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田量越多,土壤有机质含量提高越多,小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式下土壤有机质含量最高,且其土壤含水量也显著高于其他处理,上层土壤容重有所降低,显著改善了土壤砂质化,提升了土壤的蓄水能力;秸秆还田量较大的种植模式的养分保持能力明显提高,养分含量显著增加;微生物群落结构对不同种植模式响应结果为,花生可以显著提升微生物丰度,微生物群落多样性随种植作物类型的增加而增加。因此,小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式较为适宜濮阳清丰黄河故道区域,有利于土壤改良和区域农业的可持续发展。     

真空复合轧制自磨锐割刀与其结合界面组织性能研究

采用真空复合轧制工艺,将3种钢板（GCr15、Q420、IF）轧制成梯度复合材料,对其结合界面处的微观组织、成分及硬度分布、抗剪强度进行了检测,并对梯度材料自磨锐割刀进行了田间试验。结果表明,不同板层界面处材料间相互咬合形成较为紊乱的冶金结合方式,界面处元素相互扩散形成过渡区,组织缺陷较少。结合界面处的抗剪强度均超过了国标要求,且断裂方式为韧性断裂,不同界面间存在较为平缓的硬度梯度变化。梯度材料自磨锐割刀后刀面、刀尖及刃口材料为GCr15钢,硬度高、耐磨性好,前刀面的硬度呈梯度变化,磨损均匀,作业过程中可始终保持刀尖前凸,刃口曲率半径变化较小,能够长时间保持刃口的锋锐性与再生作物的低损伤切割。田间试验结果表明,相同作业条件下,梯度材料自磨锐割刀耐磨性是市售割刀的3倍以上。     

Long-term consequences of topsoil mining on select biological and physical characteristics of two New Zealand loessial soils under grazed pasture

Soil chemical, biochemical, biological and structural properties were measured in two New Zealand loessial soils that were topsoil-mined 10 and 25 years ago respectively. Measurements at the 10-year site were compared to some earlier measurements made at this site and the data combined in a chronological sequence for analysis. Topsoil mining had a large, detrimental impact on the soil microbial biomass, the earthworm populations, easily mineralizable N and soil enzyme activities. However, most of these properties substantially recovered, to 80-90 per cent of the levels in unmined soils, within 10-25 years of restoration under pasture. In contrast, while total soil C and N were less affected by topsoil mining, their recovery was much slower. Stabilities of macro-aggregates of soil had fully recovered within 10-25 years after topsoil mining. The apparent changes in all the measured properties between 10 and 25 years of restoration were small in comparison with changes between 0-10 years of restoration after topsoil mining. The total C content of both soils under pasture appeared unlikely to attain the levels present in unmined soils. In soils undergoing restoration, the ratio of microbial C/total soil C may be a useful index of soil ‘biological stability’. Sulphatase activity may reflect the recovery of pasture production.     

Land degradation,stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe

Communal rangeland management policies in Botswana and Zimbabwe are based on incorrect technical assumptions about the stability of semiarid rangeland, the nature of rangeland degradation, and the benefits of destocking. Consequently, inappropriate policies, stressing the need to destock and stabilise the rangelands, are pursued. Acknowledgement of the great instability but intrinsic resilience of rangeland would encourage the Governments to more favourably regard the opportunistic stocking strategies of the agro-pastoralists of the Communal Areas. However, degradation of rangelands is occurring, although at varying rates. This justifies the promotion of a ‘tracking strategy’, in which livestock densities are encouraged to follow, more closely that at present, variations in rainfall. The establishment of grazing territories controlled by specific ‘communities’ may be a prerequisite for the promotion of the tracking strategy, and for communal rangeland management and improvement. However, the establishment of such territories must take into account social equity, institutional problems and transaction costs, as well as spatial and temporal variation in rangeland resources.     

紫薯淀粉对小麦淀粉凝胶特性的影响

以小麦淀粉和紫薯淀粉为材料,利用质构仪、核磁共振、动态流变仪和扫描电镜等分析了紫薯淀粉添加量（0～15%）对小麦淀粉凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：紫薯淀粉添加量在0～15%范围内,随着紫薯淀粉添加量的增加,小麦淀粉凝胶的弹性和内聚性显著增加(P < 0.05),添加量为10%时,变化最明显。混合淀粉凝胶的弹性模量（G′）和粘性模量（G″）随着紫薯淀粉增加而增加,而损耗角正切值（tanδ）呈下降趋势且小于1,表明混合淀粉凝胶的固体性质增强。在冻融循环过程中,与纯小麦淀粉相比, 混合淀粉凝胶的脱水缩合率呈下降趋势,表明紫薯淀粉的添加使小麦淀粉凝胶强度增大,凝胶网络结构变致密,所以水分难以从淀粉凝胶网络结构中析出。低场核磁中的结果显示,紫薯淀粉的添加,使小麦淀粉凝胶中的一部分自由水转化为弱结合水,提高了混合凝胶的持水性;凝胶网络结构扫描结果显示,紫薯淀粉的添加使混合淀粉凝胶的孔洞分布均匀且孔洞变小。综合结果表明,紫薯淀粉可增强小麦淀粉凝胶的网络结构,改善小麦淀粉的凝胶特性。     

Soil degradation in the tropical lowlands of Santa Cruz,Eastern Bolivia

This paper examines the soil degradation processes that are threatening the productivity of the mechanized annual cropping areas in the Santa Cruz lowlands of tropical eastern Bolivia. The dominant process is that of machinery-induced and natural compaction, which has resulted in an estimated 50 per cent of the soils in the Central Zone being moderately to severely compacted, causing serious root restriction and the loss of both transmission and water-storage pores. Degradation has made the soils increasingly susceptible to moisture stress due to the combined effect of (i) restricted rooting as a result of compaction and the hardsetting characteristics of the soils, (ii) reduced rainfall infiltration due to the loss of transmission pores and surface crusting, and (iii) a decrease in available soil moisture caused by the loss of storage pores, the incorporation of wind-blown fine sand deposits, and soil organic matter losses due to accelerated decomposition rates. The loss of transmission pores has also made the soils more prone to waterlogging in periods of high rainfall. The degradation tendencies of these soils are exacerbated by the greater variability of seasonal rainfall during the last 20 years that has led to a greater frequency or extremely high or extremely low rainfall events than hitherto.     

耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田土壤理化特性和酶活性的影响

为探明耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田不同土层土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性的影响,设置免耕(NT)、旋耕(RT)和翻耕(PT)3种耕作方式,分析了定位试验9 a(2009—2019年)后小麦收获期的土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并运用相关分析和通径分析研究了土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明：不同耕作方式对土壤理化特性和酶活性具有显著的调控作用,其调控效应与其作业深度相关。RT较PT有利于降低0～15 cm土层但增加15～35 cm土层容重,NT较RT和PT显著降低了0～5、15～35、35～60 cm土层的土壤容重,土壤孔隙度变化规律与容重相反。各处理间土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在0～5 cm土层和15～35 cm土层规律一致,0～5 cm土层均以NT最优,分别较最低值处理(PT)显著提高16.7%、53.2%、15.9%、23.6%、18.0%、34.7%和29.0%;15～35 cm土层均以PT最优,分别较最低值处理(NT)显著提高18.3%、23.4%、53.4%、...     

罗布泊盐湖沉积物磁性特征及其环境意义

以罗布泊盐湖沉积物为研究对象,以环境磁学为主要研究方法,探讨罗布泊盐湖沉积物磁性特征的影响因素和环境意义.根据磁性特征可将罗布泊LOP1剖面沉积物分为两类:磁铁矿主导和铁硫化物(胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿)主导.磁铁矿主要来源于物源区塔里木盆地.胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿是早期还原成岩作用的产物,对磁性特征产生显著影响,胶黄铁矿主导层具有...     

青海省同德县草地现状及畜牧业可持续发展策略

在调查同德县草地退化现状的基础上,综合分析了同德县草地退化的原因,指出了同德县畜牧业可持续发展的策略。同德县的草地退化是自然因素和人为因素共同综合作用的结果。人类活动和气候变化是导致同德县草地退化、区域生态环境恶化的两大因素,鼠虫害对它们产生的影响起了促进作用。只有合理利用和保护天然草地,综合治理退化草地,优化畜牧业产业结构,使草地生态系统步入良性循环,才能使同德县的草地畜牧业协调发展。