青海省玛多县草地退化原因及畜牧业可持续发展

在玛多县草地退化现状的基础上,综合分析了草地退化的原因,并提出了玛多县畜牧业可持续发展的策略.     

Collective management on communal grazing lands: Its impact on vegetation attributes and soil erosion in the upper Blue Nile basin,northwestern Ethiopia

Collective action, on communal grazing land, has evolved in the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia to mitigate the problems of feed shortage and land degradation due to overgrazing. The exercise is liked by farmers for improving the availability of natural pasture during the long dry season when other feed sources get depleted. However, large portions of the communal grazing lands are still managed under free grazing throughout the year. This study was undertaken in Maynet village in the upper Blue Nile basin, northwestern Ethiopia, to assess the impacts of three different types of grazing land management (GLM) and two slope gradients (<10%; 15–25%) on aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, ground cover, species richness, runoff, soil loss and soil bulk density of grazing lands. The GLMs include (a) freely open communal GLM, (b) restricted communal GLM – collective management of communal grazing land locally named as ‘yebere sar’ and (c) private holding GLM. Stocking density was more than carrying capacity of grazing lands across all GLMs. However, the extent of overstocking problem was exceptionally severe in freely open communal GLM. The interaction between GLM and slope was significant (P<0.05) for runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient. The average runoff coefficient was close to 50% in freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes (15–25%). Freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes resulted in consistently highest cumulative runoff and soil loss amounting to 491 mm and 32 t/ha per year, respectively. Polynomial regression analysis showed that quadratic relationship (r²=0.87) existed between soil loss and runoff. But, soil loss was close to nil when runoff did not exceed 2 mm per rainfall event. As expected, restricted communal GLM appeared to reduce surface runoff by more than 40% and curb the rate of soil erosion by more than 50% compared to freely open communal GLM. Its vegetation cover persisted above 70% throughout the year, meeting the threshold level recommended to keep surface runoff and soil loss to minimum. Reducing the problem of overstocking and pasture resting in August–November are important components to improve ground cover and aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, which in turn reduce land degradation on grazing lands.     

Local chicken production system in Malawi: Household flock structure,dynamics, management and health

Household flocks of scavenging chickens were monitored from August 2002 to August 2003 in 27 villages in Lilongwe, Malawi. The objective was to evaluate the local chicken production system by investigating flock structure, utilization, management and constraints. Farmers and researchers jointly obtained data on household flocks. Mean flock size was 12.9, with a range of 1–61 chickens. The flock dynamics of chickens over 8 weeks old constituted 91% migrating out of flocks and 9% into the flocks. Primary functions based on flock dynamics were, in order of importance, household consumption, participation in socio-cultural ceremonies, selling, exchanging breeding stock and gifts. Of the flock exits, 43.9% were due to losses from diseases, predation and theft. Most flocks (85%) were housed in human dwelling units. Scavenging was the main source of feed. The majority (77.6%) of farmers supplemented their chickens erratically with energy-rich feeds, mostly maize bran. Most supplementation took place during the cold-dry season. Village chicken production offers diverse functional outputs but faces animal health (diseases, parasites, predation) and management (feeding) constraints, which require an integrated intervention approach at community and household level.     

论草地退化

在总结草地退化概念的基础上,从草地退化的成因,退化的表现形式和学科角度3个方面剖析了草地退化的内涵;将草地退化过程概括为量变阶段,量变与质变交互阶段和质变阶段3个时期,并阐述了每一退化过程的主要特征;以新疆为例,提出治理退化草地应首先对草地退化阶段进行科学诊断,以生态置换工程为依托,从落实转变思想观念、整合资源等方面从根本上遏止退化源,进而从补偿制度、农牧区畜牧业联营政策及人口政策等方面进行调控,从而推进退化草地治理的进程,达到草地资源的可持续发展。     

大尤尔都斯高寒草原退化演替序列的划分

采用系统聚类分析法对巴音布鲁克大尤尔都斯紫花针茅(Stipapurpurea)高寒草原进行退化演替序列的划分,并对不同退化草地的植物群落结构进行比较。结果表明,随着草地退化演替程度的加剧,群落结构与主要植物种的优势地位发生明显变化,顶级植被紫花针茅的高度、盖度、密度及地上生物量均有所下降;退化演替模式为:紫花针茅+艹洽草属(Koeleria)→赖草属(Leymus)+委陵菜属(Potentilla)→苔草属(Carex)+马先蒿属(Pedicularis)→艹洽草属+委陵菜属;紫花针茅的重要值可作为划分巴音布鲁克大尤尔都斯高寒草地退化的重要指标;相同等级内各样地间相似性大,不同等级间样地相似性小。系统聚类的结果与各样地相似性比较的结果一致。     

青藏高原退化草甸土壤微生物量、酶化学计量学特征及其影响因素

探明草地退化过程中土壤微生物量和酶的变化趋势及其化学计量学特征,对理解草地的退化机理有重要意义。本研究以青藏高原高寒草甸4种不同退化程度（未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化）草甸为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物量和酶化学计量学特征及其影响因素。结果表明,随草甸退化程度的加剧,土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon,SOC）、全氮（Total nitrogen,TN）、速效钾（Available potassium,AK）、微生物量碳（Microbial biomass carbon,MBC）和微生物量氮（Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）含量显著降低;未退化草甸β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（β-1,4-Glucosidase,BG）和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase,NAG）活性显著低于轻度、中度和重度退化;重度退化草甸土壤氮/磷、MBN/MBP显著低于未退化,ln（NAG+LAP）/lnALP取值范围为0.77~0.83,高于全球均值0.44,说明退化引起了该地区的土壤氮限制;相关分析表明微生物量和酶的化学计量比受有机碳和全氮的影响显著。综上,微生物量和酶的化学计量学特征对土壤养分变化响应敏感且能反映土壤养分限制情况。     

基于康奈尔净碳水化合物与蛋白质体系的瘤胃非降解蛋白质小肠可吸收氨基酸流量的简化评定技术

本试验旨在简化基于康奈尔净碳水化合物与蛋白质体系(CNCPS)评定瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)小肠可吸收氨基酸流量的技术。小肠可吸收氨基酸来自菌体蛋白和RUP,CNCPS根据溶解性将饲料粗蛋白质(CP)分为A、B1、B2、B3和C共5种组分,只有3种B组分可以过瘤胃并在小肠中消化。为评定RUP小肠可吸收氨基酸的贡献,CNCPS需要分别测定3种B组分的瘤胃降解率,3种过瘤胃B组分的小肠消化率需采用不同常数。选择18份饲料样品,其中精料12份,粗料6份,测定CNCPS评定RUP小肠可吸收氨基酸流量所需数据,同时对饲料CP的瘤胃动态降解率及不同时间点RUP的体外小肠消化率进行了测定,通过这些数据提出简化评定方法。结果表明:1)精料和粗料均以8 h的CP瘤胃降解率(X,%)与有效降解率(Y,%)间相关性最强,二者间呈线性相关,精料和粗料方程分别为Y=12.652+0.828X,r=0.990,P0.000 1和Y=10.967+0.886X,r=0.980,P=0.000 6。2)精料2 h RUP小肠消化率(X,%)与RUP小肠有效消化率(Y,%)间相关性最强,方程为Y=0.026+0.879X,r=0.970,P0.000 1;粗料8h RUP小肠消化率(X,%)与RUP小肠有效消化率(Y,%)间相关性最强,方程为Y=-0.002+0.960 X,r=0.995,P0.000 1。3)简化方案经可靠性评估得出,8 h CP瘤胃降解率和RUP小肠消化率简化CNCPS模型预测的小肠氨基酸流量(X,‰)与CNCPS预测的小肠氨基酸流量(Y,‰)相关性最强,精料方程为Y=-0.056+1.409X,r=0.999,P0.000 1;粗料方程为Y=0.003+2.120 X,r=0.999,P0.000 1。精料和粗料的简化评定结果与CNCPS评定结果的均方根误差分别为0.245和0.005,变异系数分别为7.08%和4.49%。综合得出,基于CNCPS,得到了预测RUP小肠可吸收氨基酸流量的简化模型,简化后的精料和粗料模型分别为Y=-0.056+1.409×[AA×(100-D8)×CP×ID8],r=0.999,P0.000 1和Y=0.002+2.120×[AA×(100-D8)×CP×ID8],r=0.999,P0.000 1,Y为RUP中的某种氨基酸小肠可吸收流量(‰),D8为CP的8 h瘤胃降解率(%),ID8为RUP的8 h小肠消化率(%),AA为不溶性蛋白质中该氨基酸含量(%)。     

柴达木盆地弃耕地水盐动态分析

对柴达木盆地盐碱化弃耕地水盐动态进行了监测，结果表明，该示范区地下水位年变幅为3．12－3．46m，处于临界水位以上，示范区土壤水盐季节动态受当地自然气候条件的影响强烈，在5月和8月皆出现有高峰期。     

黄河源区黑土滩人工草地牧草植物量及营养动态研究

对黄河源区黑土滩人工草地在封育和放牧两种不同管理方式下,从8月到翌年的4月进行了地上植物量及牧草营养成分动态研究,结果表明:从8月到翌年4月牧草的自然损失量为138.7g/m~2,损失率为34.3%,家畜的采食量为174.9g/m~2,草地的实际利用率为43.3%;整个冷季牧草总体营养价值呈下降趋势,封育草地粗蛋白降低了56.87%,粗脂肪降低了51.09%。该类草地在夏季属碳氮营养型(CN),冬季属碳营养型(C)。     

高寒地区燕麦籽粒糖降解和淀粉积累动态分析

为探讨高寒地区燕麦花后籽粒中糖降解和淀粉积累特点,分析了2个品种花后籽粒中糖降解和淀粉积累动态。结果表明籽粒中淀粉均呈"S"型曲线增长,花后6~15d可溶性糖转化速率较高,淀粉积累速率较快,其后可溶性糖转化速率和淀粉积累速率较低,可溶性糖处于动态平衡中。