Soil carbon sequestration in phytoliths

The role of the organic carbon occluded within phytoliths (referred to in this text as ‘PhytOC‘) in carbon sequestration in some soils is examined. The results show that PhytOC can be a substantial component of total organic carbon in soil. PhytOC is highly resistant to decomposition compared to other soil organic carbon components in the soil environments examined accounting for up to 82% of the total carbon in well-drained soils after 1000 years of organic matter decomposition. Estimated PhytOC accumulation rates were between 15 and 37% of the estimated global mean long-term (i.e. on a millenial scale) soil carbon accumulation rate of 2.4 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ indicating that the accumulation of PhytOC within soil is an important process in the terrestrial sequestration of carbon. The rates of phytolith production and the long-term sequestration of carbon occluded in phytoliths varied according to the overlying plant community. The PhytOC yield of a sugarcane crop was 18.1 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, an accumulation rate that is sustainable over the long-term (millenia) and yet comparable to the rates of carbon sequestration that are achievable (but only for a few decades) by land use changes such as conversion of cultivated land to forest or grassland, or a change of tillage practices from conventional to no tillage. This process offers the opportunity to use plant species that yield high amounts of PhytOC to enhance terrestrial carbon sequestration.     

Decomposition of plant tissue submerged in an extremely acidic mining lake sediment: phenolic CuO-oxidation products and solid-state C NMR spectroscopy

In extremely acidic mining sediments of the Lusatian mining district, the alkalinisation process relies on organic C, which can serve as electron donor for microbially induced sulfate reduction. Plant material of the pioneer plant Juncus bulbosus is an important organic matter source in lake sediments. Therefore, decomposition of the plant tissue was assessed during the exposure of litterbags for 30 months in the 0-5 cm layer of waterlogged mining sediments, which have a pH between 2.5 and 3. The ash free dry weight (AFDW) and elemental content of the plant tissue were recorded several times during the exposure. Changes in chemical structure were analyzed by solid-state ¹³C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy and the lignin component characterized by wet-chemical CuO oxidation. The AFDW accounted for about 34% of initial biomass after field exposure for 30 months. Mass loss of biomass occurred in two phases with decomposition rates varying between 30 and 430 mg AFDW d⁻¹. The mass loss increased considerably after 5-7 months when litterbags were invaded by fresh J. bulbosus plants. With respect to higher mass loss, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, showed slight changes of the bulk chemical composition after 11 months, indicating that microorganisms present in the sediments or in the rhizosphere degrade plant material as a whole, rather than selectively. During the second phase from about 11 months until the end of the exposure period, contribution of O-alkyl C most probably assignable to easily degradable polysaccharides decreased. In contrast, the contribution of alkyl, aromatic and carboxyl C increased. CuO oxidation showed that the lignin component of J. bulbosus is degraded oxidatively during field exposure. Our results indicate that the exposed plant material is decomposed in the sediment due to changes in sediment conditions that followed plant invasion of the litterbags. It is suggested that the rhizosphere of J. bulbosus by its influence on the redox potential, pH and the microbial component plays a crucial role in organic matter degradation in acidic mining sediments.     

GFP叶绿体转化烟草茎叶降解对土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

以GFP叶绿体转基因烟草及对照烟草（非转基因烟草）为材料,在实验室条件下研究了叶绿体转基因烟草及对照烟草（非转基因烟草）在茎叶降解过程中及完全降解后对土壤微生物主要类群（细菌、真菌、放线菌）的影响,并对相关的土壤酶活性进行了分析。结果表明,在烟草茎叶降解过程中及完全降解后：（1）叶绿体转基因烟草及对照烟草（非转基因烟草）对微生物的数量影响不显著;（2）土壤微生物总量相比为细菌〉放线菌〉真菌;（3）叶绿体转基因烟草茎叶降解对土壤酶活性没有显著影响;（4）GFP基因没有水平转移到土壤微生物基因组中。以上结果显示GFP叶绿体转化烟草茎叶降解对土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性没有显著的影响。     

引入人体舒适度指数建立新疆库尔勒香梨主产区赏花气象指数预测模型

采用逐步回归方法对1990-2020年新疆阿克苏、阿拉尔、轮台和库尔勒产区的香梨始花期气象要素与香梨开花始期日序进行分析,结合人体舒适度指数,建立新疆库尔勒香梨主产区赏花气象指数预测模型,以期为判别香梨花期的最适宜赏花日提供气象服务参考依据。结果表明：（1）新疆库尔勒香梨主产区始花期预测模型构成因子为3月平均最高气温、3月0cm地温、3月平均气温、3月40cm地温;阿拉尔、库尔勒始花期日序与气温呈一元线性负相关关系,阿克苏、轮台与地温和气温呈多元线性关系;正常年份模型误差在3d内的概率分别为阿拉尔93.5%、阿克苏93.5%、库尔勒100%、轮台96.8%。（2）人体舒适度指数划分为最适宜、次适宜、一般和不适宜四个等级,2022年花期前后人体舒适度指数最适宜日数分别为阿拉尔22d,阿克苏24d,库尔勒16d,轮台18d。（3）香梨赏花气象指数取适宜花期时段与人体舒适度指数的交集,划分为最适宜（五颗星推荐指数）、次适宜（四颗星推荐指数）、一般（三颗星推荐指数）和不适宜（一颗星推荐指数）四个等级。2022年五颗星推荐赏花日阿克苏为4月11-14日,阿拉尔为4月10-15日,库尔勒为4月10...     

不同氮水平对优质甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜产量和品质性状的影响

以油研9号、10号为材料,研究不同氮肥施用水平对优质杂交油菜8个品质性状的影响,结果表明:氮肥对优质杂交油菜的含油率、芥酸、硫甙、种子蛋白质产生极显著的影响,对油酸影响不显著。对亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸的影响因品种而显著程度不同。含油率与施氮量间呈极显著的负相关,芥酸、花生烯酸与施氮量间呈极显著正相关,亚麻酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著正相关,硫甙、亚油酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著负相关,油酸与施氮量间呈不显著或显著正相关;各品质性状与施氮量间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关显著程度不同。各品质性状间含油率与硫甙呈极显著正相关,与种子蛋白质呈极显著负相关。芥酸与种子蛋白质、亚麻酸、花生烯酸间均呈极显著正相关。硫甙与种子蛋白质、花生烯酸呈极显著负相关,与亚油酸呈显著正相关。种子蛋白质与花生烯酸呈极显著正相关。其它品质性状间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关的显著程度不同。在本试验的土壤肥力条件和施氮水平范围内,获得最高产量和油产量的施氮量分别为210.kg/hm2和195.kg/hm2,且在获得高产时完全可保证油和饼粕的品质优良。     

阿拉尔垦区新疆杨防护林化学计量特征分析

[目的] 以新疆阿拉尔垦区不同龄级新疆杨防护林为研究对象,对不同龄级新疆杨叶—枝—凋落物—土壤的C,N,P含量及化学计量特征进行分析比较,为新疆南部农田防护林后期保育的可持续发展提供理论基础数据。[结果] C,N,P含量与化学计算学特征为： ①C含量为凋落物(395.14 g/kg)>叶(365.29 g/kg)>枝(363.84 g/kg)>土壤(9.47 g/kg),N含量为叶(13.37 g/kg)>凋落物(9.10 g/kg)>枝(7.31 g/kg)>土壤(0.72 g/kg),P含量为叶(0.46 g/kg)>枝(0.43 g/kg)>土壤(0.37 g/kg)>凋落物(0.27 g/kg)。②叶—土壤与全国平均值相比呈现出低C,低N,低P的格局。土壤C含量随龄级的增加呈“升—降—升”趋势,除第Ⅲ龄级外,其他龄级土壤N含量均表现出随土层加深而逐渐降低的趋势。土壤P含量随龄级的增加整体呈上升趋势,且同一土层不同龄级之间存在显著差异(p<0.05)。③土壤C∶N (13.05)高于中国土壤均值(C∶N 11.90),C∶P,N∶P (24.04,1.83)均值低于中国土壤均值(C∶P=60.0,N∶P=5.20)。④新疆杨0—80 cm土层N,P含量与叶N含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)与叶P呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),凋落物N含量与表层土壤N含量呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01)。凋落物P含量与20—40 cm土壤P含量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01)。[结论] 由于缺乏对新疆杨防护林后期的管护,导致阿拉尔垦区新疆杨防护林在生长过程中受N,P元素的限制。因此,需适当增添N,P肥,以此来改善土壤肥力,提高林分质量。     

华东地区夏季极端高温特征及其对植被的影响

基于中国华东地区79个气象站1971-2006年夏季逐日地面最高气温和1981-2006年先进超高分辨率辐射计(AVHRR)的归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料,分析华东地区夏季极端高温热浪频次和平均持续时间的空间分布特征,并利用Morlet小波变换分析极端高温次数的周期性变化规律,同时采用奇异值分解(SVD)研究华东地区极端高温次数与植被指数之间的联系。结果表明:(1)华东地区夏季极端高温热浪频次的空间分布主要以北低南高,东低西高,平原高山区低为主。平均持续时间相对于频次,其高值区更靠近沿海。(2)华东地区夏季极端高温次数主要受22a、9a、4a左右的尺度波动影响。其中22a左右的时间尺度为第一主周期,周期振荡在整个时域中表现较稳定。第二主周期为9a左右,周期振荡的振幅从1994年开始逐渐由小增大,将对未来产生重要影响。(3)华东地区夏季极端高温次数与NDVI存在显著相关。当华东中南部地区夏季极端高温次数偏高时,江苏东部地区的夏季植被覆盖度偏低,而山东北部地区和江西西南及西北地区的夏季植被覆盖度偏高;当山东中部地区夏季极端高温次数偏低时,山东东北地区的夏季植被覆盖度偏高,而江苏东部、福建南部和江西北部的夏季植被覆盖度偏低。     

Mineralization of Organic-Amendment-Derived Nitrogen in Two Mediterranean Soils with Different Organic-Matter Contents

The use of organic fertilizers in lands with low organic-matter content, such as those found in the Mediterranean region, is an attractive option for enhancing soil quality and fertility status. However, it is difficult to assess the nitrogen (N) mineralization rate and the quantity of the organic amendment to be added. Thus we conducted a 300-day incubation trial, where four commonly found organic amendments (three different animal manures and one sewage sludge) were mixed with two soils. Our aim was to assess the potentially mineralizable N with the use of the first-order exponential model. Our findings indicated that the N-mineralization data fitted well to the model we used and that the active N fraction (eluted available N per total N added) ranged from 28.4% to 50.3%, depending on indigenous organic carbon (C) content, as well as on the organic amendment C/N ratio and total N content.     

基于可变模糊集理论的洪水灾害风险分析

依据灾害系统理论,综合考虑洪水灾害系统的自然和社会属性,构建了洪水灾害风险综合评价指标体系,制定了相应指标的评价标准;在此基础上,以乡镇行政单元为基本评价单元,基于可变模糊集理论,采用可变模糊评价模型确定评价单元指标对各级指标标准区间的相对差异函数和相对隶属度,并通过变换组合参数进行综合评价,计算得到各评价单元的危险等级和易损等级,并结合风险等级分区矩阵,将研究区域划分为极高风险、高风险、中等风险、较低风险和低风险5个等级。最后,以荆江分洪区为典型研究区域,实例研究表明,该方法计算简便,评价结果可信度高,与实际调研情况一致,为洪水灾害风险评价提供了新思路,可推广到其他自然灾害的风险分析中。