甲基溴替代技术对番茄温室土壤养分及微生物量碳的影响

试验于2001~2003年研究了甲基溴替代技术对温室番茄土壤养分及微生物量碳的影响,替代技术为太阳能配合生防制剂木霉菌(SS BCA)、甲基溴及减量甲基溴(常规用量75%)覆盖不透膜(MB VIF)、威百亩(MS)及减量威百亩(常规用量75%)覆盖不透膜(MS VIF)。结果表明:2001~2002年各处理对土壤pH、有效磷、有效钾及阳离子交换量影响不显著,甲基溴熏蒸(VIF膜和PE膜)提高了土壤铵态氮的释放;4个化学处理(MB,MB VIF,MS及MS VIF)可显著降低土壤微生物量碳含量,但彼此之间差异不显著。2002~2003年增施有机肥后,4个化学处理效果与2001~2002年相同,太阳能消毒则提高了土壤铵态氮的释放,对土壤微生物碳的影响也达到化学处理的水平。两季番茄中土壤微生物量碳均季节性波动明显,施用有机肥可加速微生物的周转。     

一氧化氮延缓采后无核白葡萄果串品质劣变的熏蒸浓度筛选

为提高葡萄采后果串的整体贮藏品质,研究了不同浓度一氧化氮（NO）对采后贮藏期间葡萄果梗和果粒品质的影响。以新疆无核白葡萄为试材,采用11种浓度的NO气体熏蒸处理样品,在（0±0.5）℃,相对湿度90%±2%的贮藏条件下,通过监测葡萄的表观、理化品质和贮藏特性,获得有效作用浓度。结果表明：适宜浓度的NO不仅能显著降低葡萄失重率、落粒率和腐烂率,而且能减缓葡萄果粒硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的下降,但延缓果梗褐变的作用因NO浓度高低存在较大差异,其中NO浓度为400~600 μL·L-1时抑制效果明显,尤其是500 μL·L-1,而低于300 μL·L-1时作用有限,高于700 μL·L-1时有不同程度的伤害作用。由此得出,适宜浓度的NO熏蒸处理保鲜葡萄具有一定的应用前景。     

Effect of chloropicrin fumigation on microbial communities evaluated by community-level physiological profile and the resistance against fusarium wilt

Different microbial communities characterized by the Biolog pattern were developed in the rhizosphere of radish grown on a rockwool hydroponic system treated with chloropicrinfumigated and non-fumigated soil suspensions although no differences were observed in their viable counts. Different microbial communities also were developed in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. After the development of microbial communities in the rhizosphere, bud cells of Fusarium oxysporum that causes vascular wilt of radish plants were inoculated, and disease symptoms were examined. Treatment with the non-fumigated soil suspension was much more effective than that with the fumigated one in controlling the disease, indicating that the Biolog method might be applicable to characterize microbial communities that control the disease caused by F. oxysporum.     

Properties and metabolic diversity of microbial communities in soils treated with steam sterilization compared with methyl bromide and chloropicrin fumigations

The effects of steam sterilization (SS) on soil microbial properties including metabolic diversity of the microbial communities were examined in a greenhouse compared with those of two fumigants, methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP). The numbers of fungi decreased in all the treatments. Nitrifiers, both ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, were severely affected by the SS and CP treatments, resulting in their virtual disappearance. The decrease in the levels of microbial biomass C and N after the treatments suggested that the SS and CP treatments eradicated the microorganisms more effectively than the MB treatment and that the influence of the former persisted until the end of the experiment, 4 months after the treatments. Accumulation of NH₄-N was observed after the SS and CP treatments mainly due to the partial decomposition of the dead microorganisms and the marked decrease in the number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The richness and average well color development (AWCD) values in the microbial communities after the SS treatment were evaluated by the carbon substrate utilization method using Biolog ECO MicroPlates. The values decreased markedly immediately after the treatment but showed a rapid recovery, while those after the CP treatment continued to decrease until the transplanting of tomato seedlings. The effect of the MB treatment on the soil microbial communities was less pronounced. The growth of the tomato plants was promoted by the SS and CP treatments due to the increase in the N supply at the initial stage of tomato growth.     

Factors Influencing the Determination of Microbial Biomass-Nitrogen in Submerged Soil

In a previous paper (1), a modification of the chloroform fumigation method (2) was proposed for estimating microbial biomass-nitrogen (N) in submerged soil. It was found that a large part of the living bacteria in the submerged soil was killed within about 12 h of the fumigation and was actively mineralized by subsequent anaerobic incubation.

In this paper, the following factors which influence the estimated amount of microbial biomass-N were examined: a) inoculation to fumigated soil, b) duration of anaerobic incubation, c) storage and sieving pretreatments of soil, and d) effect of fumigation on soil organic matter.     

氮气与甲酸乙酯混合熏蒸对锯谷盗的毒力研究

采用广口瓶密闭熏蒸法,在实验室条件下研究了氮气与甲酸乙酯混合熏蒸对锯谷盗成虫的毒力。结果表明,氮气和甲酸乙酯混用具有良好的熏蒸效果。在81%、87%和95%的氮气浓度下,甲酸乙酯为10μL/L熏蒸处理24h,锯谷盗的校正死亡率分别为55%、75%和97%,表明氮气可显著提高甲酸乙酯的熏蒸毒力;温度对氮气和甲酸乙酯混合熏蒸效果具有显著影响作用,相同条件下,在30℃时校正死亡率为41%,在15℃时则提高至90%,表明低温条件下熏蒸效果比高温条件下更好。     

2种不同熏蒸剂对舞毒蛾不同虫态的杀灭效果

为判断溴甲烷和硫酰氟对舞毒蛾不同虫态的杀灭效果,在25℃下,分别在经过气密性检测的熏蒸桶内投入16、20、24、32 g/m3的溴甲烷和40、56、72、88 g/m3的硫酰氟,熏蒸处理舞毒蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4.5h.结果表明,经过4.5h熏蒸,杀灭舞毒蛾卵、1龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的溴甲烷浓度分别为32、20、24和16 g/m3,杀灭上述虫态硫酰氟浓度分别为88、56、72和40 g/m3.本文结果表明,舞毒蛾卵为最耐受溴甲烷和硫酰氟熏蒸的虫态,在目前口岸实际熏蒸处理中应充分考虑熏蒸剂对舞毒蛾卵的杀灭效果.     

Chemical repellents appear non-useful for eliciting exit of brown tree snakes from cargo

The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is invasive in Guam, has imposed ecological and economic problems there, and threatens to be dispersed via cargo and vehicles to other islands in the Pacific, where it could be expected to inflict similar damages. Prevention of inadvertent snake export currently relies on cargo inspection and suppression of snake populations around ports, which are expensive and incompletely reliable. Hence, there has long been interest in developing additional tools to preclude snakes leaving in cargo, and fumigation with essential oils has been suggested for this role. We tested gaseous or aerosol deliveries of several essential oils and three other candidate irritants. We found none to work reliably in repelling snakes, and we discuss several limitations that make development of an effective fumigation tool from these chemicals improbable. Additional effort to develop an operational tool using essential oils would likely be misdirected, and effective fumigation methods for invasive snakes should be sought elsewhere.     

Effects of long-term CO2 fumigation on fungal communities in a temperate forest soil

This study aimed at determining the impact of long-time elevated CO₂ fumigation on fungal communities in a temperate forest soil. In addition to the CO₂ concentration, both time and its interaction with the CO₂ affected the activity of 1,4-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase that is mainly of the fungal origin in the soil. No significant change in Shannon's indexes (from 18S rDNA-PCR-DGGE) was observed between the ambient and elevated CO₂ treatments. Analysis of time-course indicated that the succession of soil fungal community was altered by the elevated CO₂ fumigation, and the variations in the soil samples under Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc were larger than those under the Pinus sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) T. Wang ex Cheng samples. The results suggest that the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations could alter the temporal patterning of soil fungal communities.     

37种园林绿化植物苗木对氯气的抗性及吸收能力

采用人工熏气法,对37种园林绿化植物对氯气（Cl2）的抗性及吸收能力进行了研究,通过系统聚类分析方法,将参试植物的抗性及吸收能力分别从弱到强划分为5个等级（I,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,V）。实验结果显示：37种植物对氯气抗性存在较大差异．抗性最强的为茶花Camellia japonica,最弱的为乳源木莲Manglietia yuyuanensis,红花木莲Manglietia insignis和交让木Daphniphyllum macropodum;37种植物对氯气吸收能力差异显著,吸收能力最弱的为乳源木莲,熏气前后氯元素质量分数差为0．50mg·kg^-1,最强的为火棘Pyracantha fortuneana,熏气前后氯元素质量分数差变化8107．68mg·kg^-1。图2表5参11