棉隆及氯化苦对几种生姜土传病原物的毒力

以侵染生姜的茎腐病菌Pythium myriotylum Drechsler、姜瘟病菌Ralstonia solanacearum和南方根结线虫Meloidagrne incognila为指示病原物,比较了两种土壤处理剂棉隆和氯化苦的熏蒸毒力。采用密闭玻璃容器熏蒸,结合菌丝生长速率法测得棉隆和氯化苦对生姜茎腐病菌的EC50值分别为0.284 和0.096 mg/L,EC90值分别为18.106 和0.312 mg/L。通过密封盘内摇床振荡(25 ℃,45 r/min)培养(24 h),结合菌悬液比色法评价了两药剂对姜瘟病菌的毒力。结果表明:氯化苦的活性较高,EC50和EC90值分别为0.176和1.280 mg/L,而棉隆的毒力较低,其EC50和EC90值分别达1 984和5 701 mg/L。采用线虫悬浮液密闭熏蒸法处理48 h,发现棉隆对南方根结线虫的EC50和EC90值分别为0.175和0.634 mg/L,氯化苦毒力略低于棉隆,其EC50和EC90值分别为1.211和3.772 mg/L。     

农药混用进行土壤消毒防治番茄根结线虫技术研究

在蔬菜栽培大棚内研究了石灰氮、石灰氮与棉隆混用、石灰氦与阿维菌素混用进行土壤处理对根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明，单用石灰氮对根结线虫的防治效果为56．64％，石灰氮与棉隆混用为76．1％，石灰氮与阿维菌素混用为98．2％，石灰氮与棉隆混用能够明显抑制番茄枯萎病和杂草的发生。3种处理均能促进番茄生长和提高产量，其中以石灰氮与阿维菌素混用效果最明显，与对照相比，增产率达到99．78％。     

98%棉隆颗粒剂土壤处理对甘肃陇南低海拔川道区小麦田有害生物发生及产量的影响

2018年-2019年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所甘谷试验站,选用土壤熏蒸剂棉隆进行土壤消毒防治小麦全蚀病、地下害虫和田间杂草。结果表明,98%棉隆颗粒剂75~450 kg/hm 2处理对麦田地下害虫的防效达到100%,对小麦全蚀病的防效为64.71%~100%,对小麦田杂草的鲜重防效为75.24%~89.81%,小麦增产幅度为4.44%~15.31%。综合投资效益并结合小麦产值比,建议选用75~225 kg/hm 2施用量,可达到较好的控害、增效作用。     

不同杀线剂对穿刺短体线虫的杀灭效果研究

为寻找杀灭短体属线虫有害生物的有效药剂,以穿刺短体线虫为供试线虫,测定了5种不同杀线剂对该线虫的杀灭效果。结果表明,5种供试杀线剂分别处理该线虫0.5h、1h和24h后,对该线虫均有一定的杀灭效果,顺序依次为:阿维菌素﹥噻唑磷﹥灭线磷﹥丁硫克百威﹥棉隆,其中阿维菌素和噻唑磷对穿刺短体线虫的杀灭效果较好,可作为备选药剂进一步研究。     

Evaluation of dazomet as fumigant for the control of brown root rot disease

BACKGROUND: Brown root rot disease caused by Phellinus noxius is widespread in approximately 216 tree and plant species in tropical and subtropical countries. No direct means of protection against P. noxius infection have thus far been developed. Therefore, in this field survey, a method was developed for preventing and controlling brown root rot disease using fumigation with dazomet. RESULTS: Tracers were used to monitor the effect of dazomet fumigation. The results from field surveys and phytotoxicity tests showed that dazomet is able to kill P. noxius without any side effects on plants. CONCLUSION: The use of an environmentally friendly agent to control brown root rot disease is needed, and prevention of the disease is more important than treatment. Hence, chemical fumigation with 60 g m^?2 of 98% dazomet may be a possible means of preventing P. noxius incursion in agriculture, gardening and agroforestry. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fumigant Use for Strawberry Production in Europe: The Current Landscape and Solutions

ABSTRACT

The impact of methyl bromide (MB) phase-out on important fruit and nursery industries in the EU (2005/2008) has been significant. Under EU Regulation 1107/2009, MB fumigant alternatives 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin were also phased out (in 2010 and 2013, respectively) while dazomet, metam sodium, and potassium were re-approved with crucial restrictions of rates and years of application. However, currently an EU Member State may authorize use of these phased-out fumigants for 120 days/year. This exemption has been used for strawberry (fruit and nursery production) and other crops in Spain, Italy, Belgium, France, UK, Cyprus, Malta, and Greece in recent years. To provide an update of the current situation, a comprehensive survey of 41 European and other industries has been completed. Most of them use crop rotation as the main pest management solution. Non-chemical solutions, in particular soilless cultivation, are important in the UK, Ireland, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Chemical fumigation is still important in Spain, Italy, Morocco, Turkey, France, and Belgium.     

完全不渗透膜对熏蒸剂防治土传病虫害的影响

完全不渗透膜(TIF膜)对熏蒸剂具有很好的阻隔性,但对熏蒸剂防治土传病虫害的影响还不明确。测定了TIF膜对二甲基二硫、棉隆及1,3-二氯丙烯防治黄瓜土传病害、黄瓜长势、产量及收入的影响,结果表明,在熏蒸剂低用量时,覆盖TIF膜相对PE膜能显著提高熏蒸剂对土壤根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)、疫霉菌(Phytophthora spp.)和镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)的防治效果;并且熏蒸剂低用量时覆盖TIF膜后的产量与熏蒸剂高剂量时覆盖PE膜的产量无显著差异。应用TIF膜可以显著降低熏蒸剂用量,且不影响防治效果,同时也降低了熏蒸剂挥发对施药人员造成的危害,所以TIF膜是有前景的土壤消毒专用膜。     

棉隆对辣椒疫霉病的防效及对土壤微生物群落的影响

为明确不同剂量棉隆对辣椒疫霉的防效及对土壤微生物群落的影响,在温室大棚条件下采用密封熏蒸法测定了不同剂量(300、450、600和750 kg/hm2)棉隆土壤熏蒸对土壤疫霉病菌的抑制率及田间防效,并采用Biolog法研究了其对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,不同剂量棉隆在熏蒸后揭膜当天(0)、80、140 d对辣椒疫霉病菌的抑制率分别为86.84%~100%、75.26%~96.37%和73.24%~95.46%;且80、140 d时对辣椒疫霉病的防效分别为77.19%~96.49%和70.00%~93.33%;在棉隆熏蒸揭膜当天各剂量处理下微生物对碳源的利用(用平均每孔颜色变化率表示)以及微生物多样性指数中的丰富度指数、均匀度指数及Mc Intosh指数均显著低于对照,而Simpson指数显著高于对照,随着试验时间的延长,各剂量对其影响逐渐减小,但高剂量尤其是750kg/hm2处理在140 d时仍与对照差异显著。表明棉隆剂量越高对辣椒疫霉病的防效越显著,对微生物活性影响越大,高剂量处理能明显抑制土壤微生物的活性,降低土壤微生物的多样性。     

棉隆熏蒸与微生物有机肥联用对西瓜枯萎病的防控研究

通过田间试验评估了土壤熏蒸和微生物有机肥联用对西瓜枯萎病的防控效果及对西瓜产量与品质的影响。试验设置3个处理:对照(CK)、棉隆熏蒸结合普通有机肥处理(OF)、棉隆熏蒸结合微生物有机肥处理(BOF)。结果发现:与CK相比,BOF处理和OF处理均显著降低西瓜枯萎病发生率,病害防治效果分别为65.8%和54.1%;BOF处理还显著增加连作西瓜产量(增幅达33.4%),提高西瓜中心糖含量(增幅达15.9%)和糖酸比(增幅达13.4%)。棉隆熏蒸处理土壤细菌和真菌数量均显著低于CK,尖孢镰刀菌数量下降3个数量级;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性以及土壤微生物碳源利用多样性指数、均一性指数较CK均显著降低。棉隆熏蒸后施用有机肥可使土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及微生物碳源利用多样性逐步恢复,其中BOF处理土壤微生物数量和酶活性恢复速度和强度更大、病原菌数量及病原菌与真菌数量比最低、微生物碳源利用多样性指数最高。结果表明,利用棉隆对连作西瓜土壤熏蒸20 d能显著减少病原菌数量,配合施用微生物有机肥,能快速改善土壤微生物区系和恢复土壤酶活性,降低枯萎病的发生,并有效促进西瓜生长,提高西瓜产量及品质。     

Effects of indigenous and introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Allium fistulosum under field conditions

ABSTRACT

Enhanced phosphorus (P) uptake from the soil and increased plant growth related to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in pot culture, using sterilized soil, are well-known phenomena. However, these enhancements are not widely observed under field conditions because field sterilization is difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AM fungi on P uptake and the growth of Allium fistulosum in non-fumigated and fumigated fields, under different levels of P availability. Plants were inoculated with the AM fungus Glomus R-10 and grown in fumigated soil. For the uninoculated treatment, a sterilized inoculum was applied directly. The field was fumigated using dazomet. Superphosphate was applied to the field at the rates of 0 (P0) or 500 (P500) kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. The inoculated and uninoculated plants were transplanted into the fields and sampled three times to measure AM fungal colonization, shoot P concentration, and shoot dry weight of the plants. At the transplanting stage, AM fungal colonization was observed in the inoculated plants (>70%) but not in the uninoculated plants. At the third sampling, irrespective of P treatment, AM fungal colonization was observed both in the uninoculated and inoculated plants in the non-fumigated field, and there was no difference in shoot P content and shoot dry weight between the inoculated and uninoculated plants. AM fungal colonization in the fumigated field was higher in the inoculated than uninoculated plants, irrespective of P treatment; shoot P content and shoot dry weight were both higher in the inoculated plants than in the uninoculated plants with P0. These results suggest that the responses of A. fistulosum to AM fungal inoculation under the low-P and fumigated conditions are similar to those observed in sterilized pot culture conditions.