土壤药剂处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫技术评价

为了筛选安全、高效、实用的化学防治技术,对国内外生产的5种杀线虫剂(棉隆、1,3 二氯丙烯·氯化苦、威百亩、噻唑磷、溴甲烷)土壤处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫的效果进行了评价。结果表明,使用98%棉隆微粒剂450 kg/hm2或10%噻唑磷颗粒剂30 kg/hm2防治番茄根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita),结合夏季高温进行阳光消毒,能有效地降低番茄根结线虫的数量,减轻根结线虫的危害程度,节省农户的生产成本,提高番茄的产量和农户的经济效益,是夏季防治番茄根结线虫的有效措施。     

棉隆土壤消毒对高山甘蓝根肿病土壤细菌群落结构的影响

本研究旨在科学评价棉隆土壤消毒对高山根肿病土壤细菌群落结构的影响,为土壤消毒防治根肿病提供理论依据。利用细菌16S核糖体基因高通量测序技术,研究棉隆土壤消毒对高山甘蓝根肿病土壤细菌群落的影响。高通量测序共得到9445细菌分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs),其中2327细菌OTUs(24.64%)为3个处理共有。棉隆处理土壤细菌群落结构在门和属水平与对照较为类似,但部分分类单元的丰度发生较大改变。棉隆处理土壤4种细菌α多样性指数均与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05)。β多样性指数分析显示,棉隆与氟啶胺处理的距离较为接近,而与对照较远。Metastats分析显示,同对照比较,棉隆处理有1个门和24个属的细菌的丰度发生显著性改变,其中土壤有益菌的丰度显著增加,而氟啶胺处理有4个门和16个属的细菌丰度检测到显著性改变。以上结果说明,棉隆处理对高山土壤细菌多样性无显著影响,对细菌群落结构的影响小于氟啶胺处理,且有利于土壤细菌群落结构的恢复和重建。     

棉隆熏蒸加短期轮作葱显著减轻苹果连作障碍

在盆栽条件下,以苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,研究棉隆熏蒸老龄苹果园土壤并轮作一季葱,对土壤微生物环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响,以期为防控苹果连作障碍提供新技术。2015年5月进行4种试验处理,分别为老龄苹果园土壤对照,老龄苹果园土壤轮作葱,棉隆熏蒸老龄苹果园土壤,棉隆熏蒸老龄苹果园土壤后轮作葱,2016年5月各处理土壤统一定植平邑甜茶幼苗。结果表明：与对照相比,棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱处理的土壤真菌数量减少了73%,层出镰孢菌的基因拷贝数减少67%,细菌数减少19%,细菌/真菌比值增加了213%。T-RFLP图谱的主成分分析（PCA）、聚类分析结果显示,棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱明显改变了土壤真菌群落结构,且比单纯棉隆熏蒸处理提高了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱处理,平邑甜茶株高、茎粗、鲜质量和干质量分别为连作土对照的1.96倍、1.75倍、2.31倍和2.34倍,根长、根面积、根体积和根呼吸速率较连作土对照分别提高了155%、310%、294%和89%。可见,棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱处理,具有最高的细菌/真菌比值,并显著改变了土壤真菌群落结构,提高了土壤酶活性,促进了平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,防控连作障碍的效果优于单纯棉隆熏蒸,是减轻苹果连作障碍的有效措施。     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆加海藻菌肥对苹果连作土微生物及平邑甜茶生长的影响

以生产上常用的苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,在苹果连作土盆栽条件下研究了棉隆（四氢化–3,5–二甲基–2H–1,3,5–噻二嗪–2–硫酮）熏蒸加海藻菌肥对幼苗生长以及土壤环境的影响。试验结果表明,与连作土对照相比,棉隆熏蒸、连作土 + 海藻菌肥对平邑甜茶幼苗的生长均有不同程度的促进作用,二者组合使用效果最为显著;棉隆、海藻菌肥、棉隆 + 海藻菌肥均提高了平邑甜茶幼苗根系CAT、POD、SOD活性,其中棉隆 + 海藻菌肥的效果最明显;棉隆 + 海藻菌肥提高了幼苗根系总长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数;海藻菌肥显著增加了土壤中细菌与真菌的数量,棉隆 + 海藻菌肥增加了土壤中细菌数量以及土壤中细菌与真菌的比值。棉隆熏蒸 + 海藻菌肥能更有效地减轻苹果连作障碍。     

Fumigant distribution in forest nursery soils under water seal and plastic film after application of dazomet, metam-sodium and chloropicrin

Adequate concentration, exposure time and distribution uniformity of activated fumigant gases are prerequisites for successful soil fumigation. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate gas phase distributions of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and chloropicrin (CP) in two forest-tree nurseries. Concentrations of MITC and CP in soil air were measured from replicated microplots that received dazomet, metam-sodium and CP. Half of the plots were covered with high-density polyethylene tarp immediately after fumigation; the other half were not covered but received daily sprinkler irrigation for 1 week to create and maintain a water seal. The magnitude of MITC concentrations was similar between nurseries for metam-sodium in both tarp and water seal treatments and for dazomet in the tarp treatment. Consistently greater MITC and CP concentrations were found in the upper 30 cm of soil in the tarped plots compared with the water-sealed plots. Despite potential environmental and economic benefits with the water seal method, tarp covers were more reliable for achieving and maintaining higher MITC and CP concentrations and less prone to variations due to irrigation/rain, soil bulk density and other environmental conditions.     

不同浓度棉隆熏蒸对老龄苹果园土壤微生物环境的动态影响

通过向25年老龄苹果园土壤中施入不同浓度(T1,0.02‰;T2,0.1‰;T3,0.5‰)的棉隆,利用微生物平板培养、实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)、微生物碳源利用(biolog-ECO)、末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)、生物多样性指数Biodap等方法研究不同浓度棉隆熏蒸下土壤可培养微生物(细菌、真菌)数量、群落结构及其多样性指数随时间变化的演变趋势,并进行平邑甜茶盆栽验证,以期为减轻苹果连作障碍筛选棉隆浓度提供理论依据。结果表明:0.1‰的棉隆施用量对连作土壤再植平邑甜茶幼苗的生长促进作用最为显著。老龄苹果园土壤中微生物数量随棉隆施用量的增大而显著性降低,30天时,各处理(T1、T2、T3)可培养细菌数量较CK分别降低了57%,81%,87%,可培养真菌数量(T1、T2、T3)较CK分别降低了75%,81%,100%,层出镰孢菌基因(F.Proliferatum)拷贝数较CK分别降低了57%,80%,85%;微生物单一碳源利用率(biolog-ECO)结果表明,微生物活性(用平均每孔颜色变化率(AWCD)表示)在熏蒸后的土壤中随时间逐渐恢复,但施加浓度越高,恢复速度越慢,30天时,T1(0.02‰)的AWCD显著低于CK;60天时,该处理的AWCD已与CK无差异,而T3(0.5‰)AWCD直到90天时仍显著低于CK;微生物T-RFLP主成分分析表明,各处理均改变了老龄苹果园土微生物群落结构,棉隆施用浓度越大,群落改变越显著,但高浓度熏蒸下的群落结构很不稳定,随时间波动明显;聚类分析显示,随时间推移,T1(0.02‰),T2(0.1‰)与CK的群落结构相似度逐渐升高,并逐渐向CK移动。而T3(0.5‰)始终与CK保持低相似度;在微生物多样性分析中,T3(0.5‰)对微生物多样性指数(Shannon index)与丰富度指数(Margalef index)降低程度最为显著。     

棉隆对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果

设98%棉隆MG 3个不同剂量、10%噻唑膦GR及空白对照共5个处理,进行防治露地番茄根结线虫病的田间药效试验,并从土壤2龄幼虫(J2)减退率和根结防效两方面进行防治效果评价。结果表明,移栽后30 d和60 d,98%MG 450 kg·hm-2处理区的J2减退率分别为91.74%和82.80%,375 kg·hm-2处理区60 d后的减退率达73.81%,表明其不仅对J2数量具有较好的控制作用,同时也具有一定的持效期。收获末期,其3个剂量处理的根结防效均在75%以上,最高达86.14%,对番茄根结形成表现出良好的控制作用,建议使用剂量为375~450 kg·hm-2。基于使用方法和环境因素,应根据实际情况有选择地应用。     

烟草苗床上的甲基溴替代技术研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了在烟草苗床上的甲基溴替代技术。结果表明,与甲基溴相比,浮盘育苗法可生产整齐、高质量的烟苗;浮盘育苗法无须抗旱、除草、假植,可直接移栽到大田,节省大量劳力;浮盘法不施用杀虫剂、除草剂,减少了农药的污染和对环境的破坏,有利于提高烟草的品质和对生态环境的保护;浮盘法单位面积能生产更多的烟苗。因此,浮盘育苗法具有显著的经济效益和环境生态效益,在烟草苗床上是一项可持续发展的甲基溴替代技术。     

The synergistic advantage of combining chloropicrin or dazomet with fosthiazate nematicide to control root-knot nematode in cucumber production

The highly-damaging root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne spp., RKN) cannot be reliably controlled using only a nematicide such as fosthiazate because of increasing pest resistance. In laboratory and greenhouse trials, we showed that chloropicrin(CP) or dazomet(DZ) synergized the efficacy of fosthiazate against RKN. The combination significantly extended the degradation half-life of fosthiazate by an average of about 1.25 times. CP or DZ with fosthiazate reduced the time for fosthiazate to penetrate the RKN cuticle compared to fosthiazate alone. CP or DZ combined with low or medium rate of fosthiazate increased the total cucumber yield, compared to the use of each product alone. A low-dose fosthiazate with DZ improved total yield more than a low dose fosthiazate with CP. Extending the half-life of fosthiazate and reducing the time for fosthiazate or fumigant to penetrate the RKN cuticle were the two features that gave the fumigant-fosthiazate combination its synergistic advantage over these products used singularly. This synergy provides the opportunity for farmers to use a low dose of fosthiazate which lowers the risk of RKN resistance. Farmers could combine DZ at 30 g m~(-2) with fosthiazate at a low rate of 0.375 g m~(-2) to control RKN and adequately control two major soil-borne diseases in cucumber greenhouses.     

不同消毒方式对土壤酶活性及土传病原真菌消减的影响

为探究不同消毒方法对土壤环境的影响,本研究以北京昌平连作多年的草莓地为研究对象,通过设置田间试验对比物理防控方法活性炭+太阳辐射膜覆盖与化学熏蒸剂棉隆和氯化苦对土壤温度、养分和酶活性的影响及对土传病原真菌的消减效果。结果表明:高剂量活性炭+太阳辐射膜覆盖可使土壤表层温度迅速升高至50 ℃以上,在0~10 cm土层内对土传病原真菌镰刀菌和疫霉菌的减退率分别达90%和85%以上;活性炭的添加使土壤养分含量显著增加,同时激活土壤酶活性。然而,化学药剂棉隆和氯化苦熏蒸对镰刀菌和疫霉菌的减退率均达95%以上,但同时也降低了土壤养分含量和抑制了土壤酶活性。因此,活性炭+太阳辐射膜覆盖作为一种非化学土壤消毒方法,在改良土壤、连作地土传病原菌的防治具有较大的潜力,为实现连作草莓土传病害的绿色防控提供了新途径。