天保工程对东北和内蒙古重点国有林区保育土壤生态效益的影响

为了直观地反映天然林资源保护工程所带来的生态效益,体现重大生态工程的巨大作用,实现林业及生态的可持续发展,依据LY/T1721-2008《森林生态服务功能评估规范》,应用分布式测算方法,对东北和内蒙古重点国有林区天保工程保育土壤物质量及价值量进行评估.结果表明:1)截至2015年,9个优势树种固土和保肥总量分别为13.17亿t/a和8 203.72万t/a,比天保工程实施前分别增加2.36亿t/a和1 738.23万t/a;2)9个优势树种固土和保肥总价值分别为905.29和2 408.92亿元/a,比天保工程实施前分别增加455.44和699.69亿元/a;3)桦木林和阔叶混交林固土效益突出,而红松林和樟子松林固土效益不显著;落叶松林和阔叶混交林保肥效益均最好,樟子松林保肥效益较差;4)对森林实施保护,能有效改善其生态系统服务功能,使森林保育土壤生态效益得到相应的提升.研究为评估天保工程区森林的其他生态服务功能,以及后续天保工程的实施提供科学依据.     

黄壤颗粒表面离子吸附动力学中的离子特异性效应

基于考虑离子非经典极化作用的离子吸附动力学模型,以可变电荷黄壤颗粒为代表材料,研究了锂离子(Li+)、钠离子(Na+)和铯离子(Cs+)在黄壤颗粒表面的吸附动力学特征,进一步计算了离子在土壤/水界面的扩散距离与表面电化学参数。结果表明:(1)Li+、Na+和Cs+在黄壤颗粒表面吸附仅存在一级动力学过程并存在明显的离子特异性差异,这种差异随着电解质浓度降低而增大;(2)离子非经典极化与体积效应的共同作用决定了离子在固/液界面的扩散距离,在较高浓度电解质中,Na+和Li+的离子体积和极化效应基本平衡,导致Na+和Li+离子间差异不显著,但Cs+由于强烈的非经典极化作用,扩散距离表现为:Cs+Na+≈Li+;在低浓度电解质中,离子非经典极化作用占主导,扩散距离表现为:Cs+ Na+ Li+,表明离子扩散距离在低浓度下差异大,而高浓度下差异不显著;(3)离子扩散距离的差异导致固/液界面电位的不同,Stern电位、电荷密度和电场强度均受到离子扩散距离的影响,表面电位(绝对值)在各个浓度下均表现为:Li+ Na+ Cs+,说明表面电位仅受非经典极化作用的影响。本研究将对土壤/水界面反应理论的完善提供新思路。     

水肥耦合对当归产量和品质的影响效应研究

探索水肥耦合对当归品质和产量的影响效应,为当归GAP规范化种植中的水肥调控提供理论依据。采用水肥双因素试验,通过二元二次多项式拟合灌水量、施肥量与当归产量和主要品质指标（阿魏酸含量）的关系,建立影响效应模型,并对其进行检验分析和相关性分析。结果表明：在灌水一定的情况下,随着施肥量的增加,当归的产量先增加后减少;在施肥一定情况下,随着灌水量的增加,当归的产量也是先增加后减少,当归的最高产量出现在中水中肥区,即灌水量1073.97 m3/hm2,施肥量808.97 kg/hm2,最大产量为15804.36 kg/hm2;在灌水量一定的条件下,随着施肥的增加当归的阿魏酸含量先增加后降低,在施肥量一定的条件下,随着灌水量的增加当归的阿魏酸含量也是先增加后降低,当归的阿魏酸含量最高出现在中高水中高肥区,即灌水量1491.42 m3/hm2,施肥量863.55 kg/hm2,阿魏酸最高含量为2.41 mg/g。合理有效的灌溉施肥使当归达到优质高产。     

From on-farm solid-set sprinkler irrigation design to collective irrigation network design in windy areas

In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurised irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler-irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2.8 m s⁻¹. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for 11 irrigation seasons, 2 triangular sprinkler spacings (18 m × 18 m and 18 m × 15 m), and 2 sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s⁻¹), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The standard strategy classified the time as suitable for irrigation when CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The thresholds limits of the irrigation parameters for the relaxed strategy were CU ≥ 80% and WDEL ≤ 25%. Finally, the restrictive strategy used thresholds of CU ≥ 90% and WDEL ≤ 15%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed.     

盐渍和涝渍对棉苗生长和叶片某些生理性状的复合效应

 以陆地棉鲁棉研17和鲁棉研28为材料,以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了在盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫14 d后棉苗干物质积累、叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等的变化。结果表明,盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫都显著影响两个品种的光合速率和干物质积累。盐渍对棉苗的影响程度小于涝渍,而涝渍又小于盐涝复合胁迫,盐涝双重胁迫对棉苗生长和干物质积累的抑制表现出累加效应。盐渍胁迫下叶绿素含量的下降是光合作用受抑制的重要原因,而涝渍和盐涝胁迫下光合速率下降可能是叶绿体结构和PSⅡ稳定性的下降引起的。     

香茅精油对两种主要储粮害虫的控制作用

研究了香茅精油对玉米象、赤拟谷盗的控制作用.结果表明,香茅精油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗都有很强的驱避性,对赤拟谷盗的驱避性随着时间的延长有增强的趋势.对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的成虫都保持了较强的的熏蒸活性.对玉米象有较强的触杀活性,而对赤拟谷盗的触杀活性较弱.剂量为0.15%(v/w)的香茅精油的丙酮稀释液对玉米象成虫的种群抑制率在第6天达到100%,剂量为0.1%(v/w)的香茅精油的丙酮稀释液对赤拟谷盗成虫的种群抑制率在第6天也达到了100%.研究表明香茅精油具有作为储粮保护剂的开发潜力.     

陆地棉同核异质系异源胞质的遗传效应

通过核代换培育了具有亚洲棉(G.arboreum)、草棉(C.herbaceum)、异常棉(G.anomalum)、长萼棉(G.longicalyx)、哈克尼西棉(G.harknesii)、海岛棉(G.barbadense)、和陆地棉(C.hirsutum)野生种系蓬蓬棉(G.h.purpurascens)、墨西哥野生棉(C.h.mexicanum)等8个棉属种和种系胞质的中棉所7号同核系,并培育了中棉所7号自交系。在检验同核异质系核的同质性基础上研究了胞质遗传效应,结果所有供研究的胞质对产量、产量性状及除花器官外的形态特征均没有显著影响,胞质的遗传效应主要表现对花器官及抗枯萎病性的影响;哈克尼西棉胞质导致雄性完全不育并显著增加花药数量,笔形冠长度和直径显著变小,亚洲棉和异常棉胞质引起花药数量显著减少,笔形冠形状发生显著变化,亚洲棉胞质对抗枯萎病有较显著效应。     

双隐性甜糯玉米的主要农艺及品质性状

利用糯玉米(wxwx)分别与普甜玉米(su1su1)和超甜玉米(sh2sh2)杂交,在F1代的果穗上分离出纯合双隐性甜糯玉米(su1su1wxwx或sh2sh2wxwx),再同时种植双隐性甜糯玉米及亲本普甜玉米、超甜玉米和糯玉米,观测了一系列农艺性状,并分析了甜糯双隐性基因的互作效应.主要结果如下:(1)双隐性甜糯玉米的三叶期出现最迟,株高较高.(2)大部分     

基于田间摄像的多参数水稻土深松扰动行为与效应研究

耕作机具的土壤扰动行为密切联系土壤失效机理与耕作效应,是优化耕作系统的重要依据。本研究通过土壤耕作原位综合测试平台开展单铲深松试验,从5个方位录制深松视频,同时配合使用微地貌测试、耕作阻力测试、EDEM仿真、深松扰动剖面土壤紧实度测试和深松理论检验,探究深松铲入土角α和耕深D对水稻土深松扰动过程、土壤失效机理及深松效应的影响。结果表明,摄像法提取的纵向碎土距离R、扰动宽度W及抬土高度H与α和D显著相关,可用于水稻土深松扰动行为的定量表述。摄像法显示水稻土难以脆性断裂,铲两侧发生非对称性土壤剪切失效。土壤沿曲柄攀升,抬土高度H随α增大,随D减小,表明深松铲的设计参数和作业参数同时影响抬土能力。R随对应耕深范围内铲的纵向水平长度L线性增加,W随α线性增加。地表平整度S和扰动宽度W均在耕深20 cm时最大。深松土壤扰动行为的EDEM仿真从微观层面再现了摄像法记录的非对称性失效、侧向挤压失效和深松新月形失效现象,表明该离散元模型用于解析水稻土深松力学的科学性。EDEM仿真进一步显示出应力集中区沿铲尖与铲柄破土刃周期性上下移动,同时也对铲下方底层土造成挤压。深松扰动剖面土壤紧实度等值线图验证了仿真过程中铲尖下方形成的土壤压实带,并直观展示出耕深30 cm时,犁底层土壤因侧向挤压流变形成的沟槽状紧实壁面。本文结合田间原位摄像法的多参数测试研究可为深松铲和耕作系统的优化提供依据。     

Responses of Chilean forest birds to anthropogenic habitat fragmentation across spatial scales

Although it is recognized that anthropogenic forest fragmentation affects habitat use by organisms across multiple spatial scales, there is uncertainty about these effects. We used a hierarchical sampling design spanning three spatial scales of habitat variability (landscape > patch > within-patch) and generalized mixed-effect models to assess the scale-dependent responses of bird species to fragmentation in temperate forests of southern Chile. The abundances of nine of 20 bird species were affected by interactions across spatial scales. These interactions resulted in a limited effect of within-patch habitat structure on the abundance of birds in landscapes with low forest cover, suggesting that suitable local habitats, such as sites with dense understory cover or large trees, are underutilized or remain unused in highly fragmented landscapes. Habitat specialists and cavity-nesters, such as tree-trunk foragers and tapaculos, were most likely to exhibit interactions across spatial scales. Because providing additional sites with dense understory vegetation or large habitat trees does not compensate the negative effect of the loss of forest area on bird species, conservation strategies should ensure the retention of native forest patches in the mixed-use landscapes.