Rind puncture resistance in maize: inheritance and relationship with resistance to pink stem borer attack

The main pest of maize in north‐western Spain is the pink stem borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, and stem lodging is one of the consequences of attack. Since rind puncture resistance is related to stem lodging resistance, the objectives of this work were to estimate the genetic effects involved in the inheritance of rind puncture resistance and to determine the phenotypic correlation coefficients between rind puncture resistance and pink stem borer damage. Six generations from the crosses ‘CM109’בEP31’ and ‘CM109’בEP42’ and a 10‐inbred line diallel were evaluated in Pontevedra, Spain, in 1995 and 1996. The inheritance of rind puncture resistance had two significant components, one additive and one dominant. Non‐allelic and genotype × environment interactions were not significant. Improvement for internode rind puncture resistance to increase stem strength and stalk lodging resistance could have some positive influence on resistance to pink stem borer. However, its use as an estimator of pink stem borer resistance cannot be generalized and so must be restricted to programmes that involve materials exhibiting physical resistance to pink stem borer attack.     

双隐性甜糯玉米的主要农艺及品质性状

利用糯玉米(wxwx)分别与普甜玉米(su1su1)和超甜玉米(sh2sh2)杂交,在F1代的果穗上分离出纯合双隐性甜糯玉米(su1su1wxwx或sh2sh2wxwx),再同时种植双隐性甜糯玉米及亲本普甜玉米、超甜玉米和糯玉米,观测了一系列农艺性状,并分析了甜糯双隐性基因的互作效应.主要结果如下:(1)双隐性甜糯玉米的三叶期出现最迟,株高较高.(2)大部分     

Comparative analysis of genetic effects of wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL

Wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, confer high resistance to wheat powdery mildew. For better understanding of the difference in genetic effect between them, a RIL population was constructed based on the cross between “Yangmai 18” carrying T6V#2S·6AL and “Yangmai 22” carrying T6V#4S·6DL. Analysis of distribution of the translocations showed that T6V#2S·6AL is much more transmittable than T6V#4S·6DL. By comparing their effects on main agronomic traits, we firstly found that T6V#2S·6AL contributes greatly to top spikelet fecundity, but causes a decrease of 6.7%–10.5% of spike number. No stable effects of T6V#4S·6DL on agronomic traits were found, except for positive effect on plant height. Excitingly, a new recombinant, T6V#4S‐6V#2S·6AL carrying PmV, was screened and proved to have a higher transmission rate than the original translocation T6V#4S·6DL, which will greatly promote the utilization of PmV. The above conclusions of this research will provide important guidance for utilization of Pm21 and PmV more effectively, in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.     

高产优质商品玉米生产模式：—三种遗传效应集成利用（TEU）

通过大量详实资料，对玉米杂种优势、雄性不育，油分基因花粉直感等3种遗传效应的研究现状作了详细概述，根据相关的遗传理论与实践，提出了将三种遗传效应进行技术集成的可能性，从而形成一种高产高油玉米生产模式，有可能是未来玉米生产的发展方向。     

Genetics of grains per spike in durum wheat under normal and late planting conditions

Parental, F₁, F₂, BC₁, BC₂, BC₁₁, BC₁₂, BC₂₁, BC₂₂, BC₁ self and BC₂ selfed generations of three crosses involving six cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were studied for grains per spike under normal and late sown environments to analyze the nature of gene effects. A 10-parameter model did not fully account for the differences among the generation means. In two cases more complex interactions or linkage were involved in the inheritance of grains per spike in durum. Both digenic and trigenic epistatic interactions had a role in controlling the inheritance of grains per spike, however, trigenic interactions contributed more than digenic interactions. Non-fixable gene effects were many times higher than fixable ones in all three crosses and in both sowing environments indicating a major role of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of this trait. Duplicate epistasis between sets of three genes under both environments was recorded for the cross Raj 911 × DWL 5002. Epistatic interactions, particularly the trigenic ones, contributed the maximum significant heterosis. Epistatic interactions involving dominance in the F₂ generations caused significant inbreeding depression. Selective diallel mating and/or biparental mating could be used for amelioration of grains per spike in durum wheat.     

水稻抗性淀粉含量性状的配合力分析

抗性淀粉对人体具有多种重要的生理功能,为了获得具有高抗性淀粉含量的水稻杂交后代,选用6个抗性淀粉含量具有显著差异的水稻品种按Griffing双列杂交设计配置成杂交组合,及正反交F1为材料研究了水稻籽粒抗性淀粉含量性状的遗传规律。结果表明,水稻抗性淀粉含量在参试组合中加性效应起主要的作用,同时受非加性效应以及细胞质效应的影响。一般配合力(GCA)效应在各亲本间存在明显差异,‘降糖稻1号’和‘丙9331’亲本均表现很高的正向一般配合力(GCA)效应值,其一般配合力效应值分别为0.303和0.101。其他品种均表现负向一般配合力(GCA)效应值。亲本本身的抗性淀粉含量与一般配合力的表现趋势一致,与相应的特殊配合力(SCA)有明显的相关性,与杂种一代表现有显著的相关性,表明利用亲本表型值对于预测组合的杂种优势具有一定的意义。     

贵州省西南部一次由MCC造成的区域性暴雨分析

为了研究MCC对暴雨过程的作用,利用观测资料和再分析资料等对2008 年5 月27 日的暴雨进行分析。结果表明：对流层低层暖湿气流加强和中层干冷空气叠加加强了对流不稳定,低层暖切变使对流云团发展成MCC,冷切变使MCC减弱消亡;在MCC形成发展阶段,雨团呈西北—东南走向且稳定少动,MCC的轴向与准东西向的850 hPa 暖切变一致,面积在暖切变两侧同时扩大;在MCC减弱阶段,雨团南压并在高压带冷区中传播并减弱。强降水出现在MCC轴线TBB≤-92℃的地方而非TBB梯度密集区;当偏东风达6 m/s 时,形成了明显的地形性垂直上升运动,对位于喇叭口地形两侧的望谟、贞丰大暴雨的形成有明显的地形增幅作用。     

盐渍和涝渍对棉苗生长和叶片某些生理性状的复合效应

 以陆地棉鲁棉研17和鲁棉研28为材料,以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了在盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫14 d后棉苗干物质积累、叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等的变化。结果表明,盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫都显著影响两个品种的光合速率和干物质积累。盐渍对棉苗的影响程度小于涝渍,而涝渍又小于盐涝复合胁迫,盐涝双重胁迫对棉苗生长和干物质积累的抑制表现出累加效应。盐渍胁迫下叶绿素含量的下降是光合作用受抑制的重要原因,而涝渍和盐涝胁迫下光合速率下降可能是叶绿体结构和PSⅡ稳定性的下降引起的。     

香茅精油对两种主要储粮害虫的控制作用

研究了香茅精油对玉米象、赤拟谷盗的控制作用.结果表明,香茅精油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗都有很强的驱避性,对赤拟谷盗的驱避性随着时间的延长有增强的趋势.对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的成虫都保持了较强的的熏蒸活性.对玉米象有较强的触杀活性,而对赤拟谷盗的触杀活性较弱.剂量为0.15%(v/w)的香茅精油的丙酮稀释液对玉米象成虫的种群抑制率在第6天达到100%,剂量为0.1%(v/w)的香茅精油的丙酮稀释液对赤拟谷盗成虫的种群抑制率在第6天也达到了100%.研究表明香茅精油具有作为储粮保护剂的开发潜力.     

大豆异黄酮代谢产物——雌马酚的功能作用研究

雌马酚是大豆异黄酮的主要组分之一,是大豆素的代谢产物,有30%～50%的人能将大豆素转化为雌马酚,影响最重要的因素是肠道菌群,其他影响因素目前尚不完全清楚。雌马酚较其原型具有更为有效的生物学作用,因此受到普遍关注。研究和开发雌马酚的生物活性,在多种常见慢性病的预防与控制方面具有重要的理论和实际意义。