根结线虫侵染对番茄叶片保护酶活性的影响

通过对番茄感染南方根结线虫后其叶片中几种保护酶活性的变化进行研究。结果表明:接种南方根结线虫后,番茄叶片中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性即开始低于对照,随后逐渐恢复至对照水平,15 d之后,酶活性又开始显著低于对照水平,一直持续到第30 d,酶活性恢复到对照水平;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性变化受线虫侵染的影响较小,在试验期间与对照没有显著性差异;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性在接种后第1 d即显著低于对照水平,至第7 d的时候恢复至对照水平并持续至第30 d。过氧化物酶(POD)活性在1～20 d均显著高于对照水平。因此,POD活性可以作为早期判断番茄是否感染根结线虫的一项指标。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株对东亚飞蝗的生物活性

通过生物测定比较了9种昆虫病原线虫共生菌对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis 4龄蝗蝻的杀虫活性,其中嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310菌株(以下简称Xn HB310)对4龄蝗蝻的活性最高;采用浸叶法进一步测定了Xn HB310菌液对不同虫态的东亚飞蝗的毒力。结果表明:在饲喂96 h 后,Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为2.97×105、4.90×105和6.24×105 CFU/mL,致死中时间(LT50)分别为51.48、52.59和64.34 h。研究还发现该菌株对东亚飞蝗具有明显的拒食活性,处理48 h 后Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为1.15×105、2.36×105和3.16×105 CFU/mL。通过点滴或剪除东亚飞蝗成虫感觉器官的方法,证实了Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗产生拒食作用的器官是下颚须和下唇须,剪除下颚须和下唇须及两者均剪除的拒食率分别为37.36%、51.28%和100%。研究结果表明,嗜线虫致病杆菌Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗的杀虫速度快且活性高,具有开发为防治东亚飞蝗杀虫剂的潜力。     

Effects of nitrogen addition and litter properties on litter decomposition and enzyme activities of individual fungi

Litter decomposition is an important process of C and N cycling in the soil. Variation in the response of litter decomposition to nitrogen (N) addition (positive, negative or neutral) has been observed in many field studies. However, mechanism about variability in individual fungal species response to N addition has not yet been well demonstrated in the literature. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N addition and litter chemistry properties on litter decomposition and enzyme activities of individual fungi. Three fungal species (Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma) were isolated from a subtropical mixed forest soil. An incubation experiment was conducted using the individual fungi with two types of litter (leaf of Pinus massoniana and needle of Cryptocarya chinensis) and different N addition levels (0, 50 and 100 for N-deficient treatments, and 500 and 1000 μg N for N-excessive treatments). Cumulative CO₂-C, enzyme activities, and lignin and cellulose loss were measured during the incubation period of 60 days. Litter decomposition and enzyme activities significantly varied with the fungal species, while the N addition and litter types greatly affected fungal enzyme activities. The N treatments significantly increased lignin-rich needle decomposition by lignocellulose decomposers (Penicillium and Aspergillus) but did not affect their leaf decomposition. On the contrary, The N treatments stimulated leaf decomposition by cellulolytic species (Trichoderma) but did not affect its needle decomposition. Correlation analysis showed that lignin in the litter was the key component to affect litter decomposition. Activities of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and phenol oxidase were both positively correlated to litter decomposition. The fungi (Penicillium and Aspergillus) with higher production of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase showed higher litter decomposition ability. The low N addition levels stimulated Penicillium and Aspergillus litter decomposition, but they still required more N source (e.g., litter N source) to support decomposition. Depressed fungal litter N uptake (lower N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities) only occurred at the highest N addition level. Litter decomposition of Trichoderma depended more on external N and its litter decomposition capability was the lowest among the three species.     

蒙古高原植被变化趋势及其影响因素

基于1982-2006年的AVHRR数据和气象数据,分析了蒙古高原植被时空变化特征及其影响因素。研究发现:(1)近25 a来,蒙古高原植被整体呈改善趋势,年增长率为0.0006/a。蒙古国植被NDVI年增长率最大(0.0008/a),其次是中国的内蒙古(0.0004/a)、甘肃(0.0003/a)和宁夏(0.0001/a);(2)植被的变化趋势具有明显的空间差异性和季节性。25 a来,蒙古国西北部、内蒙古中部的锡林郭勒盟等区域植被明显改善,而内蒙古东北部呼伦贝尔市植被呈退化趋势。研究区春、秋季植被明显改善,夏季植被呈退化趋势;(3)植被的变化趋势一定程度上受温度和降雨的影响,春、秋季升高的温度使生长期延长,植被改善,而夏季温度升高和降水减少共同导致夏季植被退化;(4)草地、农作物面积和产量的增加直接或间接地导致了内蒙古植被NDVI的增加,其他人为因素,如人口增长、土地利用类型的转换、退耕还林、过度放牧、矿产资源开采等也可直接或间接地影响植被的变化。     

Klymollins T–X,Bioactive Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Klyxum molle

Five new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, klymollins T–X (1–5), along with two known compounds (6 and 7) have been isolated from the soft coral Klyxum molle. The structures of these new metabolites were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with related known compounds. Compound 5 was found to exert significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Furthermore, compounds 4 and 7 were shown to exhibit cytotoxicity against a limited panel of human cancer cell lines.     

Exploring the Chemodiversity and Biological Activities of the Secondary Metabolites from the Marine Fungus Neosartorya pseudofischeri

The production of fungal metabolites can be remarkably influenced by various cultivation parameters. To explore the biosynthetic potentials of the marine fungus, Neosartorya pseudofischeri, which was isolated from the inner tissue of starfish Acanthaster planci, glycerol-peptone-yeast extract (GlyPY) and glucose-peptone-yeast extract (GluPY) media were used to culture this fungus. When cultured in GlyPY medium, this fungus produced two novel diketopiperazines, neosartins A and B (1 and 2), together with six biogenetically-related known diketopiperazines,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-dioxopyrazino[1,2-a]indole (3), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-3-methylene-1,4-dioxopyrazino[1,2-a]indole (4), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-1,3,4-trioxopyrazino[1,2-a] indole (5), 6-acetylbis(methylthio)gliotoxin (10), bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin (11), didehydrobisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin (12) and N-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (6). However, a novel tetracyclic-fused alkaloid, neosartin C (14), a meroterpenoid, pyripyropene A (15), gliotoxin (7) and five known gliotoxin analogues, acetylgliotoxin (8), reduced gliotoxin (9), 6-acetylbis(methylthio)gliotoxin (10), bisdethiobis(methylthio) gliotoxin (11) and bis-N-norgliovictin (13), were obtained when grown in glucose-containing medium (GluPY medium). This is the first report of compounds 3, 4, 6, 9, 10 and 12 as naturally occurring. Their structures were determined mainly by MS, 1D and 2D NMR data. The possible biosynthetic pathways of gliotoxin-related analogues and neosartin C were proposed. The antibacterial activity of compounds 2–14 and the cytotoxic activity of compounds 4, 5 and 7–13 were evaluated. Their structure-activity relationships are also preliminarily discussed.     

特色植物辣木的应用价值及发展前景分析

辣木起源于印度和非洲的干旱或半干旱地区,凭借超强的生态适应力、丰富的营养价值、独特的生物活性,成为一种极具开发潜力的树种。本文综述了辣木营养价值、药用价值、工业价值等方面研究取得的进展。针对目前的研究现状,结合中国热区资源条件,对辣木综合开发和合理利用提出了建议,并对发展前景进行了展望。     

水杨酸诱导的水稻对白叶枯病的系统抗性与未处理叶酶活性的变化

 0.5、2.0 mmol/L 的水杨酸（SA）处理水稻幼苗后第3 天用稻白叶枯菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）对未处理叶（第3叶，进行SA处理时用塑料袋套住）挑战接种，2周后调查病情，发现病斑长比对照分别下降了10.2%和18.2%，说明SA能诱导水稻幼苗对白叶枯病的系统抗性。酶活性测定表明，两种浓度的SA能明显降低水稻幼苗未处理叶中过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性，而对过氧化物酶（POD）活性无明显影响。两种浓度的SA对未处理叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响不同，其中0.5 mmol/L 的SA处理下，SOD无明显变化，但20 mmol/L 的SA对SOD活性有较明显的促进作用。SA处理后1～4 d，未处理叶H2O2含量比对照上升了23.6%～72.8％(0.5 mmol/L)和31.2%～122.6％(2.0 mmol/L)。H2O2水平的显著提高可能是H2O2产生加快和降解减慢的共同结果（2.0 mmol/L的SA下），或单纯的降解减慢所致（0.5 mmol/L的SA下）。同时，SA对未处理叶PAL活性有促进作用。提示在水稻中，SA对水稻抗白叶枯病的系统诱导作用可能与H2O2积累和PAL活性的升高有关。     

Effect ofCallosobruchus chinensis (Bruchid) infestation on antinutritional factors in stored legumes

Effect of bruchid infestation on selected antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activities, of three (mung bean, chickpea and pigeon pea) legumes stored for six months was studied. The three antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), increased with increased storage period. Saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity values were significantly lower in control samples compared to stored infested samples. The difference between the contents of antinutritional factors were significant (p<0.05) during different storage periods.