Growth,P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of soil type on growth, P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability. Two wheat (Goldmark and Janz) and two canola genotypes (Drum and Outback) were grown in a calcareous soil (pH 8.5) at two P levels [no P addition (0P) or addition of 200 mg kg⁻¹ P as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (200P)] and harvested at flowering or maturity. Shoot and root dry weight, root length and shoot P content were greater in the two canola genotypes than in wheat. There were no consistent differences in available P, microbial P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes. Shoot P content was significantly positively correlated with root length, pH and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere. The microbial community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis, of the canola genotypes differed strongly from that of the wheat genotypes. The weight percentage bacterial fatty acids, the bacteria/fungi (b/f) ratio and the diversity of fatty acids were greater in the rhizosphere of the canolas than in the rhizosphere of the wheat genotypes. In contrast to the earlier studies in an acidic soil, only small differences in growth and P uptake between the genotypes of one crop were detected in the alkaline soil used here. The results confirmed the importance of root length for P uptake in soils with low P availability and suggest that the rhizosphere microbial community composition may play a role in the better growth of the canola compared to the wheat genotypes.     

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

银中杨、玉簪落叶生物质炭对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(6+)吸附的影响因素

为探讨银中杨、玉簪落叶所制备生物质炭对水体Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)吸附规律的差异及影响因素,采用限氧裂解法将银中杨及玉簪落叶制成生物质炭,并以此为吸附载体研究其在不同初始离子质量浓度、pH值、Na+浓度及接触时间等因素影响下对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)的吸附。结果表明:随着初始Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)质量浓度的增加(0~800 mg·L~(-1)),落叶生物质炭对相应重金属离子的吸附量也增加。将初始质量浓度设置在0~200 mg·L~(-1),生物质炭对3种金属离子的吸附量由大到小表现为Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(6+),然而,将初始离子质量浓度提升至300~800 mg·L~(-1),吸附量由大到小表现为Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Cd~(2+);溶液pH值由2增至8,可使Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)在生物质炭表面的吸附率得到迅速提升,然而,生物质炭对Cr~(6+)的吸附率在整个pH值变化范围则呈渐趋降低的趋势;随着Na+浓度增加(0~0.6 mol·L~(-1)),落叶生物质炭对3种金属离子所表现的吸附规律各不相同,其中,对Pb~(2+)的吸附量先下降而后渐趋升高,对Cd~(2+)的吸附量逐渐下降,而对Cr~(6+)的吸附量则表现为先增加而后下降。Na+离子浓度由0 mol·L~(-1)提升至0.6 mol·L~(-1)可使生物质炭对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附量分别降低16.8%和97.1%,相反,对Cr~(6+)吸附量却有所促进,使其增加55.6%;生物质炭对初始质量浓度为400 mg·L~(-1)的Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)吸附的数量随接触时间延长(0~1 440min)而逐渐增加,相同条件下由大到小表现为Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Cd~(2+);生物质炭对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附主要以电性吸附为主,而专性吸附则为生物质炭吸附Cr~(6+)的主要机制。     

费氏丙酸杆菌谢氏亚种和植物乳杆菌亚油酸异构酶结构及酶学性质

 【目的】对来源于植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillu plantarum）和费氏丙酸杆菌谢氏亚种（Propionibacteriu freudenreichii ssp. shermanii）亚油酸异构酶酶学特性开展研究,探讨不同来源的亚油酸异构酶酶学性质存在的差异。【方法】通过酶反应动力学方法及电泳技术测定了酶的最适反应条件、米氏常数、酶的分子量,并在此基础上,采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）与电喷雾离子化/质谱（ESI-MS）相结合的方法测定了L. plantarum和P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii亚油酸异构酶的氨基酸序列。【结果】P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii亚油酸异构酶的最适pH为8.0,最适反应温度是30℃,Km=20.53 μmol•L-1,Vmax=0.44 μg•ml-1•min-1;L. plantarum亚油酸异构酶的最适pH为7.5,最适反应温度是为50℃,Km=17.85 μmol•L-1,Vmax=0.73 μg. ml-1•min-1。【结论】来源于L. plantarum和P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii亚油酸异构酶的全氨基酸序列不同,但两者具有一定的同源性,且两者酶学特性也有差异。     

稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗药性水平及抗性机理分析

为明确东北稻区稻稗Echinochloa oryzoides HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性水平及抗性机制,采用整株生物测定法测定稻稗种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,明确抗性种群的交互抗性和多抗性情况,研究3种细胞色素P450抑制剂对其敏感性的影响;并应用分子生物学方法进行稻稗的乙酰乳酸合酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)离体活性测定、ALS基因序列分析及其表达量测定。结果表明:在东北稻区,五氟磺草胺对稻稗HJHL-715种群鲜重的抑制中剂量GR50为62.53 g/hm^2;稻稗HJHL-715的ALS基因序列中未发现氨基酸突变,其ALS离体活性与敏感种群的ALS离体活性无显著性差异,ALS基因表达量显著低于敏感种群。1-氨基苯并三唑(1-aminobenzotriazole,ABT)、胡椒基丁醚(piperomyl butoxide,PBO)、马拉硫磷3种P450抑制剂显著提高了稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,使其对五氟磺草胺的GR50由原来的62.53 g/hm^2分别下降到5.78、5.02、3.53 g/hm^2。表明东北稻区已经出现了对五氟磺草胺具有高水平抗性的稻稗种群,稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性很可能是由细胞色素P450介导的代谢增强所致。     

放牧强度对高寒混播草地土壤养分含量的影响

垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地三个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:①放牧强度和土壤层深度对有机质含量的影响均达到极显著的水平(P<0.01),且土壤有机质含量随放牧强度的增加呈下降趋势;②放牧强度对土壤速效氮和速效磷的影响不显著(P>0.05),对速效钾的影响显著(P<0.05);不同土壤层速效氮和速效钾含量之间的差异显著(P<0.05),速效磷含量之间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

The Biological Effects of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Cells

The biological effects of ELFMES including proliferation and apoptosis of cells as well as the damage of DNA are initially evaluated with the treatment of plant cells and human pulmonary fibroblasts in low frequency magnetic fields with certain intensity and different time intervals in vitro. Cell culture, counting in vitro, fluorescent dyeing analysis and single cell gel electrophoresis are adopted. The results demonstrate that the electromagnetic field with the intensity of 3mT can affect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells significantly.     

河南省不同轮作区双低杂交油菜氮磷钾肥的效应研究

确定河南省不同轮作区冬油菜的最佳氮、磷、钾施肥配比,为河南省油菜的配方施肥提供科学依据。以丰油10号为冬油菜供试品种,在基追比为7:3的基础上,采用“3414”最优回归设计,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对油菜产量、农学利用率、养分生产力及经济效益等的影响,并通过一元二次回归方程确定不同轮作区油菜的最佳施肥方案。结果表明各施肥处理中,稻油轮作潢川2个试验点达到最高产量的施肥配方为N₂P₂K₃,平均产量为3 204.15kg/hm ²,其经济效益最高,为13 485.5元/hm ²。氮肥（N）、磷肥（P₂O₅）、钾肥（K₂O）平均增收15.33、22.20和22.17kg/kg。因此稻油轮作中磷钾较低地区的最佳施肥处理为N₂P₂K₃,与一元二次效应方程得出的最佳施肥量结果基本一致。玉米-油菜轮作区南阳试验点获得最高经济效益的施肥配方为N₁P₁K₂,产量为2 801.4kg/hm ²,经济效益为12 599.4元/hm ²,相比最高产量的施肥配方N₂P₃K₂,产值减少875.3元/hm ²,经济效益增长472.4元/hm ²。氮肥（N）、磷肥（P₂O₅）、钾肥（K₂O）平均增收4.05、6.07和5.87kg/kg。因此玉米-油菜轮作磷钾较高地区最佳施肥处理为N₁P₁K₂,是获得高产和高经济效益的施肥配方。     

Quantification of dietary calcium requirement of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis based on growth,feed conversion efficiency,mineralization and serum alkaline phosphatase activity

Seven isonitrogenous (400 g/kg crude protein) and isocaloric (17.89 kJ/g gross energy) purified diets (casein‐gelatin based) with different concentrations of calcium (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 g/kg) supplemented with calcium lactate at the levels of 0, 5.4, 10.8, 16.3, 21.8, 27.27 and 32.73 g/kg were prepared and fed for 12 weeks to triplicate groups of Heteropneustes fossilis (7.46 ± 0.03 g) to determine the optimum dietary calcium requirement. Analysed values of calcium in the diets were 2.41, 3.82, 4.56, 5.99, 6.71, 7.40 and 8.19 g/kg, respectively. Absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, protein retention efficiency, protein gain and feed conversion ratio of fish fed diets with increasing levels of dietary calcium improved up to 5.99 g/kg and then levelled off. Whole‐body protein, moisture and ash contents improved up to 5.99 g/kg dietary calcium and stabilized thereafter. However, whole‐body fat exhibited reverse pattern and decreased with incremental levels of dietary calcium up to 5.99 g/kg. Whole‐body and vertebrae mineralization was also significantly affected (p < .05) by the increasing dietary calcium levels. Alkaline phosphatase activity improved significantly (p < .05) up to 6.71 g/kg, and no change was recorded beyond this level. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were not influenced (p > .05) by dietary calcium levels. The Ca–P ratio remained static in the whole body, vertebrae and serum. Broken‐line regression analysis of data obtained on growth, mineralization and serum ALP activity against increasing levels of dietary calcium reflected the optimum calcium requirement between 5.77–6.81 g/kg diet.