防治西葫芦和黄瓜白粉病的生物制剂的筛选

瓜类白粉病是蔬菜上的重要病害之一,为加大对该病害的生物防治力度,本研究采用课题组研发的1×109cfu/g玫瑰黄链霉菌水剂和10亿芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌悬浮剂以及市场上常用的枯草芽胞杆菌、哈茨木霉菌、寡雄腐霉、武夷菌素、多抗霉素等多种生物制剂进行田间药效试验,比较几种生物制剂的防治效果。结果表明,供试生物制剂对西葫芦白粉病的防效为57.65%~84.98%,其中3%多抗霉素水剂600倍液的防效最好,为84.98%,且具有明显的促生长作用,增产率达12.65%。其次为1 000亿芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂(武汉天惠)400倍液、2%武夷菌素水剂600倍液和3×108 cfu/g哈茨木霉菌可湿性粉剂300倍液,可作为西葫芦白粉病防治的选用药剂。1×109 cfu/g玫瑰黄链霉菌水剂对西葫芦和黄瓜白粉病均具有较好的防效,分别为78.68%和73.59%,具有开发和应用的市场价值。     

瓜类疫病研究进展

瓜类蔬菜是中国主要蔬菜种类,瓜类疫病迅猛发展,严重制约瓜类生产。文章综述了近几年来国内外瓜类疫病的病原菌种类、抗性鉴定技术、抗性机理、育种进展,针对当前生产上防治措施的问题,提出了瓜类疫病的防治策略。     

不同类型叶面肥对瓜类蔬菜产量和品质影响的Meta分析

To provide data support for the efficient production of melon vegetables and the development of foliar fertilizer industry, the comprehensive effect of foliar fertilizer on the yield and quality of melon vegetables was analyzed via the Meta analysis. Through literature retrieval and screening（from 2008 to 2021）, 122 data sets were obtained from 26 literatures. The results suggested that compared with the control, the application of amino acid foliar fertilizer increased the stem thickness of melon vegetable by 15.78%, yield 10.77%, SPAD value 11.27%, vitamin C content 11.82%, soluble solid content 18.75%. The application of macro element foliar fertilizer increased single fruit weight by 18.55%, yield 5.66% per hm2. The application of leaf fertilizer to watermelon and cucumber can increase the yield by 16.25% and 9.09%, respectively, while the effect of melon is not significant. In protected cultivation, the application of leaf fertilizer can increase the yield of melon vegetables by 7.27%, increase the stem thickness by 12.86%, increase the SPAD value by 9.48% and increase the vitamin C content by 25.10%. The application of leaf fertilizer in the protected cultivations is more conducive to the yield increase and quality improvement of melon vegetables than field cultivations.     

Mating type and fungicide resistance in populations of Podosphaera xanthii in south Italy

Powdery mildew is one of the most common and severe diseases of cucurbits, causing heavy yield losses in all growing areas when not successfully controlled. Two different fungal species, Podosphaera xanthii and Golovinomyces orontii, are generally recognized as causal agents. The results of monitoring carried out in 2016 and 2018 confirmed that P. xanthii is the exclusive pathogen causing cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) in southern Italy. P. xanthii is a bipolar heterothallic fungus; a PCR-based method for distinguishing MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs was applied for assessing mating type distribution in fungal populations present on cucurbits in different sites. The idiomorph MAT1-2 was prevalent over the MAT1-1 in 2016, whereas they were approximately in a 1:1 ratio in 2018; this finding corroborated the hypothesis that the MAT1-1 idiomorph was more recently introduced in the area. Cyflufenamid-resistant isolates were widespread in commercial greenhouses and field plantings even though use of this fungicide had been drastically reduced by the farmers 1 year before the monitoring due to the effectiveness losses observed in CPM control. Occurrence of cyflufenamid resistance and its impact on efficacy were evaluated in a field trial comparing different fungicide spray schedules. Cyflufenamid-resistant isolates were detected even at the first appearance of symptoms on leaves, increasing over time. Isolates resistant to cyflufenamid showed a resistance factor as high as 900. Generally, P. xanthii was better controlled when cyflufenamid was used in integrated strategies rather than in spray schedules based on the exclusive use of the fungicide.     

Aphid-borne viruses infecting cultivated watermelon and squash in Spain: Characterization of a variant of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV)

Aphid-borne viruses are responsible for major cucurbit diseases and hamper the sustainability of crop production. Systematic monitoring can reveal the occurrence and distribution of these viruses, in addition to unadvertised viruses, facilitating the control of diseases. For three consecutive (2018–2020) seasons, the presence of aphid-borne viruses was monitored from a total of 292 samples of watermelon and squash plants that showed yellowing symptoms in three major cucurbit-producing areas (Castilla La-Mancha, Alicante, and Murcia) in Spain. We observed that cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) was the most common virus found (29%) in the plants from both crops. Likewise, except for squash samples from Castilla La-Mancha and Alicante, watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) was also found (23%) with a relatively high frequency. Furthermore, we observed the exacerbation of bright yellowing symptoms in watermelon plants that was often accompanied by considerable fruit abortion. CABYV was the only causative agent for this new yellowing disease, and two infectious cDNA clones (one from watermelon, CABYV-LP63, and another from melon, CABYV-MEC12.1) were constructed to further compare and characterize this CABYV disease. Based on the full-length genome, both isolates were grouped phylogenetically together within the Mediterranean clade. However, the Koch's postulates tests were only successfully completed for the LP63 isolate, which also showed several amino acid changes and two potential recombination events, as compared to MEC12.1. Remarkably, the LP63 isolate caused more severe symptoms and showed higher RNA accumulation than MEC12.1 in five cucurbit plant species. These results suggest that a novel CABYV variant that causes severe yellowing symptoms may be causing outbreaks in cucurbit crops.     

黑龙江省瓜类白粉病菌IGS-RFLP分析

应用通用引物对采自黑龙江省不同地区的甜瓜、黄瓜、南瓜和西瓜等16份瓜类白粉病菌进行转录基因间隔区（IGS）分析,结果表明不同菌株的IGS区存在长度异质性和数量多态性。应用MspⅠ、AsuⅠ、Hinp1Ⅰ3个限制性内切酶对IGS扩增产物进行酶切（IGS-RFLP）,不同菌株的酶切位点不同,电泳后产生多样性丰富的图谱,成为菌株特有的DNA指纹。利用NTSYS-PC软件对IGS1-RFLP酶切图谱进行数据分析,各菌株之间遗传相似系数的变化幅度为0.460 0～0.800 0,表明白粉病菌间有丰富的遗传多样性,以遗传相似系数0.60为阈值,供试菌株可区分为3个类群。初步确定葫芦科白粉病菌致病性与DNA多态性不形成对应关系,菌株的遗传多样性与菌株地理来源、寄主来源及设施类型亦无明显的直接关系。     

山西省瓜类作物根茎部镰刀菌的分离与鉴定

为明确山西省瓜类作物上镰刀菌的种类,自山西省不同地区采集了具有萎蔫症状和健康的瓜类作物标本,并采用常规组织分离法对其根茎部镰刀菌进行了分离、纯化,共分离到353株镰刀菌菌株;经形态学鉴定,其分属尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、芬芳镰刀菌(F.redolens)、腐皮镰刀菌(F.solani)、轮枝镰刀菌(F.verticillioides)、层生镰刀菌(F.proliferatum)、禾谷镰刀菌(F.graminearum)、半裸镰刀菌(F.semitectum)和锐顶镰刀菌(F.acuminatum)8个种,其中,尖孢镰刀菌为优势菌群,占镰刀菌总量的65.03%;并对这8个种进行了形态学描述。     

Sensitivities to DMI fungicides in populations of Podosphaera fusca in south central Spain

BACKGROUND: Cucurbit powdery mildew elicited by Podosphaera fusca (Fr.) U Braun & N Shishkoff limits crop production in Spain. Disease control is largely dependent on fungicides such as sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Fungicide resistance is an increasing problem in this pathogen. To overcome such risk, it is necessary to design rational control programmes based upon knowledge of field resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the state of DMI sensitivity of Spanish P. fusca populations and provide tools for improved disease management. RESULTS: Using a leaf‐disc assay, sensitivity to fenarimol, myclobutanil and triadimenol of 50 isolates of P. fusca was analysed to determine discriminatory concentrations between sensitive and resistant isolates. As no clearly different groups of isolates could be identified, discriminatory concentrations were established on the basis of maximum fungicide field application rate, 100 mg L^?1 for the three fungicides tested. Subsequently, a survey of DMI resistance was carried out in different provinces located in the south central area of Spain during the cucurbit growing seasons in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Examination of a collection of 250 isolates revealed that 23% were resistant to fenarimol and 7% to triadimenol, the provinces of Almería, Badajoz and Murcia being the locations with the highest frequencies of resistance. By contrast, no resistance to myclobutanil was found. CONCLUSION: Results show that fenarimol and, to a lesser extent, triadimenol have become less efficient for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew in Spain. These are important observations that should lead to reconsideration of the current disease management programmes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同中微量元素对黄瓜黑星病菌的抑制作用及其对酶活性的影响

[目的]探索中微量元素对黄瓜黑星病的防治效果及其对黄瓜植株酶活性的影响。[方法]通过室内抑菌试验及盆栽试验,研究不同中微量元素对黄瓜黑星病的防治效果;同时检测喷施中微量元素化合物后7 d黄瓜苗期叶片的可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量,及过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性。[结果]3种微量元素对黑星病菌均有一定抑制作用,以氯化钙处理效果最为显著,防效达到66.9%;硼酸和硫酸锌处理的防效分别为54.6%和24.1%。黄瓜植株遭受黑星病原菌侵害后,几种不同中微量元素的施用均能有效降低黄瓜叶片中MDA含量,锌和硼处理能显著提高黄瓜植株体内蛋白质含量,锌和钙处理均可诱导黄瓜植株中POD和SOD活性上升,从而通过减缓细胞膜质的受损程度来提高黄瓜植株对黑星病菌的抵抗能力。[结论]该研究结果为中微量元素防治黄瓜黑星病的实际应用及其抗病机理研究提供了理论基础。