水稻抗纹枯病种质资源、抗性遗传和育种研究进展

水稻纹枯病以其常发性和对水稻产量造成的巨大损失而越来越受到重视,长江以南许多省份已将其列为水稻生产上的第一大病害。本文就水稻纹枯病抗病种质的资源发掘与利用、抗性遗传方式以及水稻纹枯病抗病育种进行了综述,认为目前水稻抗纹枯病研究中主要存在以下问题：缺乏高水平（免疫）抗源;没有一套比较客观、准确和简便的抗性鉴定标准;有些高抗材料表现为部分抗性;分子遗传研究和抗病育种脱节;以及高抗亲本配制的杂交组合在生产上抗性不高等。结合本课题组所进行的工作,认为当前水稻纹枯病抗病遗传育种研究应着重于以下方面：继续筛选、创制抗源;抗性鉴定中宜将Rush的0-9级标准和相对病斑长、Groth指标以及叶片蜡质含量结合使用;遗传研究群体和育种群体宜尽量为同一群体;聚合杂交育种和分子标记辅助选择结合应用,培育多基因抗病品种。同时展望了今后水稻纹枯病的研究前景。     

亚蔬辣椒资源材料的疫病抗性鉴定及主要农艺性状观察

采用灌根法鉴定了引自亚蔬中心的22份辣椒资源材料对广东辣椒疫霉菌的抗性,同时观察了其主要农艺性状,结果表明:引进的22份辣椒资源材料中有18份对广东辣椒疫霉菌株ZLT0566表现抗性,其中7份抗源抗性达免疫或高抗水平,经田间鉴定获得一致结果;在引进的抗性资源材料中,除了来源于泰国的Bangchang栽培种因具有较大果实而有一定商品性外,多数抗性材料的果实均较小,与目前广东省生产上需求的大果型商品种尚有很大距离,需要加以进一步改良。     

不同药剂混配使用对榆林地区马铃薯早疫病的田间防效试验

采用田间喷雾施药,在陕西省榆林市进行了马铃薯早疫病防治技术研究。开展不同药剂混配的防效比较试验。试验结果表明：不同处理均对早疫病有抑制作用,且存在显著差异,其中：苯酰锰锌+精甲霜锰锌、吡唑醚菌酯+枯草芽孢杆菌、代森锰锌+ 氟噻唑吡乙酮药剂组合对早疫病防效较好,防效分别为74.2%、70.3%、67.6%,兼有防控晚疫病作用,建议推广使用;丙森锌+烯酰吗啉、苯酰锰锌+精甲霜锰锌、氟啶胺+氟菌·霜霉威、嘧菌酯+噁酮·霜脲氰处理的防效较差,依次为：58.9%、54.6%、50.8%和50.5%。     

基于叶片空气温差的温室黄瓜水分胁迫指数的应用分析

针对温室的小气候条件,以生长期的黄瓜作为测试对象,分析了太阳净辐射(Rv)和水汽饱和差(VPD)对叶片温度的影响。结果表明:叶片空气温差(dT)与Rv和VPD呈显著正相关,Pearson相关系数r=0.78~0.86。此外,在作物充分供水条件下,当Rv≥250~300 W/m2时,黄瓜叶片的温度通常大于空气温度,此时,Idso模型下基线的计算误差较大。因此,根据实验分析,建立了基于Rv和VPD的温室作物水分胁迫指标下基线线性回归方程:dTl=0.254 3-0.004 6Rv-0.488 7VPD,回归方程的计算值与测量值均方误差(MSE)为0.24,小于Idso经验模型中的下基线公式的计算误差。     

番茄对番茄晚疫病抗性遗传分析

试验利用04957(感),04968(感),L3708(抗)和Wva700(抗)4个抗感不同的番茄品种,按Griffing(Ⅰ)完全双列杂交方法配置组合,接种番茄晚疫病,调查发病情况进行分析。结果发现:①不同品种、不同组合间抗病性存在极显著差异;②供试品种间一般配合力和特殊配合力存在极显著差异,Wva700,L3708具有较高的一般配合力效应,二者在配制抗性组合时是较为优良的杂交亲本。Wva700×04957,Wva700×04968组合特殊配合力最高,有进一步研究利用的价值;③抗性遗传中加性效应是主要的,同时存在部分显性,存在细胞质效应;④广义遗传力为90.64%,狭义遗传力为81.48%,均较高,说明亲代对后代的影响作用较大,抗性基因可以通过基因累加的方式在后代中表现出来,宜早代选择。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦真菌毒素污染防控及农药残留风险评估分析

为了解不同杀菌剂及施药次数对小麦赤霉病所造成的真菌毒素防控效果及所用杀菌剂带来的潜在安全问题,对信阳、襄阳两地区小麦主栽品种连续两年分别喷施不同种类、不同次数的杀菌剂,通过LC-MS/MS测定小麦中真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及各杀菌剂残留量,分析不同杀菌剂对小麦中DON累积量的影响,并对小麦籽粒中杀菌剂的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,4种杀菌剂(50%多菌灵WP、25%氰烯菌酯SC、25%咪鲜胺EC、70%甲基托布津WP)均能不同程度降低小麦中DON含量。随着施药次数的增加小麦中DON含量呈下降趋势(除多菌灵外)。喷施50%多菌灵1次小麦籽粒中DON含量明显增加,较对照增加7%(信阳)、18%(襄阳),当喷施次数增加至2、3、4次,籽粒中DON累积量分别降至对照的55%～65%、24%～39%及20%～27%。25%咪鲜胺EC喷施3次后籽粒中DON含量较对照显著降低(P0.05),继续增加喷施次数,DON含量并未显著降低。25%氰烯菌酯SC对DON防控效果最佳,喷施1、2、3、4次小麦籽粒中DON毒素降至对照的42%～58%、29%～49%、12%～21%及6%～10%。喷施70%甲基托布津WP对籽粒中DON的影响与25%氰烯菌酯SC效果相差不大,喷施4次可使DON降至6%～12%。4种杀菌剂在小麦籽粒中的残留量均随施药次数的增加而增加。其中多菌灵的残留量最大,当施药4次后,信阳、襄阳两地小麦中多菌灵残留量分别为502.54μg·kg~(-1)、547.38μg·kg~(-1),均超过国家粮食安全限量水平,而其余三种农药残留量较低,均在安全限量范围内。研究结果还发现,小麦籽粒中的杀菌剂残留量与毒素DON的累积水平呈现一定程度的负相关性,施药次数与其残留量成正相关关系。因而,长江流域及江淮地区等小麦赤霉病易流行地区,建议于小麦扬花期及时喷施2～3次防控效果良好的杀菌剂,既能达到防控真菌毒素污染又可避免杀菌剂残留过高带来的安全隐患,以保证小麦安全生产。     

Ray blight of pyrethrum in Australia: a review of the current status and future opportunities

Ray blight caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti is one of the most important diseases of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a perennial herbaceous plant cultivated for the extraction of insecticidal pyrethrins in Australia. The disease is responsible for complete yield loss in severe outbreaks. Infected seed is considered as the principal source of S. tanaceti. Infection hyphae remain only in the seed coat and not in the embryo, resulting in pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings and latent infection. Therefore, quantification of the level of infection by S. tanaceti within seed using a qPCR assay is important for efficient management of the disease. Stagonosporopsis tanaceti completes its life cycle within 12 days after leaf infection through production of pycnidia and can infect every tissue of the pyrethrum plant except the vascular and root tissues. Ray blight epidemics occur in pyrethrum fields through splash dispersal of pycnidiospores between adjacent plants. Besides steam sterilization, thiabendazole/thiram and fludioxonil are effective seed-treating chemicals in controlling S. tanaceti before planting begins. Ray blight is currently managed in the field through the foliar application of strobilurin fungicides in the first 1–2 years of crop establishment. Later on, difenoconazole and multisite specific fungicides in the next 2–3 years during early spring successfully reduce ray blight infestation. Avoiding development of resistance to fungicides will require more sustainable management of ray blight including the development and deployment of resistant cultivars.     

Genetic diversity and aggressiveness of Calonectria pteridis in Eucalyptus spp.

Calonectria leaf blight, caused by Calonectria pteridis, is currently one of the main foliar diseases in eucalypt plantations in Brazil. In warm and high rainfall regions, the disease can be a limiting factor for eucalypt production when planting susceptible genotypes. The most effective method for controlling this disease in the field is the use of resistant genotypes, which requires knowledge of the genetic variability and aggressiveness of the pathogen population for effective deployment of plant resistance. This work evaluated the genetic diversity and aggressiveness of C. pteridis populations obtained from infected eucalypt plants in Monte Dourado (Pará state) and Imperatriz (Maranhão state), Brazil. To study the genetic diversity, 16 ISSR primers were tested, five of which amplified polymorphic, reproducible and informative bands. Thirty-one closely related genotypes were identified from 84 isolates studied, indicating that the population has a low genetic diversity. The aggressiveness of seven isolates, selected according to geographic origin and their clustering in the ISSR-based dendogram, was determined by inoculation of a hybrid Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla clone under controlled conditions. Disease severity was assessed by both measuring the percentage of plant defoliation and assigning a score according to a diagrammatic scale of symptoms. A high correlation between the two evaluation methods was observed, which revealed significant differences in aggressiveness among the isolates. The diagrammatic scale is recommended for disease evaluation because results are obtained much faster, before the occurrence of severe defoliation. No correlation between clustering in the ISSR-based phylogenetic analysis and aggressiveness was observed.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Cryphonectriaceae species associated with chestnut canker in China

Cryphonectriaceae species cause serious canker diseases on chestnut, oak and eucalypt trees. Recently, canker symptoms with typical orange fruiting bodies were observed on Chinese chestnut and oak trees in Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces in China. In the present study, isolates of these fungi were identified based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, and their pathogenicities were tested on detached chestnut (Castanea mollissima) branches. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and two regions of β-tubulin (TUB1/TUB2) indicate that these isolates represent five species in the Cryphonectriaceae, viz. Cryphonectria japonica, Cryphonectria parasitica, Aurantiosacculus castaneae sp. nov., Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. and Endothia chinensis sp. nov. The sexual morph of Aurantiosacculus is discovered for the first time and can be distinguished from the other genera in Cryphonectriaceae by dark brown ascospores and tubiform appendages at both ends. Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. is different from the other Cryphonectria species by its aseptate ascospores. Endothia chinensis sp. nov. is the sole species in Endothia infecting the host genus Castanea. Additionally, it is much smaller than E. gyrosa and narrower than E. singularis in ascospores. The inoculation results showed that these five Cryphonectriaceae fungi isolated from chestnut or oak are all pathogenic to tested chestnut branches. Cryphonectria parasitica appears to be the most aggressive fungus, followed by C. neoparasitica sp. nov., C. japonica, E. chinensis sp. nov. and A. castaneae sp. nov.     

High vegetative compatibility diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica infecting sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Britain indicates multiple pathogen introductions

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real-time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV-1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype-I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV-1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV-1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.