响应面优化超声辅助提取黄瓜皮多酚工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

应用响应面法对超声波辅助提取黄瓜皮多酚的工艺进行优化,并对多酚的抗氧化活性进行了研究。以多酚提取率为响应值,选取超声温度、乙醇浓度、液料比、超声时间为自变量,应用Box-Behnken对试验进行设计和响应面优化,并通过多酚对羟自由基(·OH)和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除效果来评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,黄瓜皮多酚的最佳提取工艺为:超声温度65℃,乙醇浓度62%,液料比26∶1(mL/g),超声时间31 min。在此条件下,测得多酚提取率实际值为(10.29±0.14)mg/g,理论值和实际值相对误差是0.39%,由此可以说明应用响应面法所得到的提取工艺参数可行性强、可靠性高。黄瓜皮多酚对·OH和DPPH·清除率的IC50值分别为116.60 mg/L和57.41 mg/L,表明黄瓜皮多酚具有较好的抗氧化活性,且抗氧化活性与多酚浓度呈正相关,该研究为将黄瓜皮多酚开发成天然抗氧剂提供理论基础。     

白皮松幼苗立枯病流行因子分析

本文研究了土壤类型,土壤含水量、温度和湿度与白皮松幼苗立枯病流行的关系。结果表明：高含水量的耕作层土壤，高温、高湿和低温环境易引起立枯病的流行。     

苗期及灌浆期抗Bipolaris sorokiniana叶枯病小麦品种（系）鉴定及相关性分析

叶枯病对小麦生产危害严重,麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌（Bipolaris sorokiniana）是小麦叶枯病的主要致病菌。为筛选抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病小麦种质,采用“孢子液喷洒、套袋（罩）保湿”接菌鉴定的方法,于2019-2020年对130个小麦品种（系）进行苗期及灌浆期叶枯病抗性鉴定,同时分析了小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性的相关性。结果表明,130个小麦品种（系）中,苗期抗病材料占32.3%,其中高抗与中抗材料分别为1.5%与30.8%,无免疫材料;感病材料占67.7%,其中中感与高感材料分别为20.8%与46.9%;灌浆期抗、感叶枯病材料分别占11.5%与88.5%,无高抗材料;小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性呈显著正相关关系（r = 0.72）。此结果为抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病的遗传育种与抗病机理研究提供了优异的种质资源;基于苗期抗性与灌浆期抗性的显著相关性,可以通过室内快速准确的苗期叶枯病抗性鉴定预测大田条件下小麦灌浆期的抗性,节省时间,减轻大田鉴定繁重的工作量,并降低环境因素对鉴定结果的影响。     

黄瓜新炭疽病原的鉴定及生物学特性初探

明确引起黄瓜炭疽病的病原,旨在为该病的有效防治提供理论依据。通过形态学方法、柯赫氏法则验证,基于ITS、ACT和GDPH序列分析鉴定病原菌,并对该菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,该菌回接黄瓜后的症状与田间症状一致。在PDA培养基上菌落为黑色,气生菌丝稀疏、灰白色;分生孢子长柱形,透明无隔;分生孢子盘着生黑色刚毛;孢子附着胞浅褐色,卵圆形,个别双生;菌丝附着胞深褐色,不规则形、浅裂或深裂。结合病原菌三基因联合建树的分析结果,可将其鉴定为Colletotrichum brevisporum。最适菌丝生长和产孢的温度25℃、pH 8,在PDA培养基上菌丝延伸最快,OA培养基上产孢最多,碳源中葡萄糖利于菌丝生长,可溶性淀粉和乳糖利于产孢,氮源中蛋白胨和酵母浸粉最适合菌丝生长,且后者产孢最多,致死温度为49℃。     

Utilization of alien genes to enhance Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat – A review

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. Sources of resistance to FHB are limited in wheat. Search for novel sources of effective resistance to this disease has been an urgent need in wheat breeding. Fusarium head blight resistance has been identified in relatives of wheat. Alien chromatin carrying FHB resistance genes has been incorporated into wheat through chromosome addition, substitution, and translocation. Relatives of wheat demonstrate a great potential to enhance resistance of wheat to FHB.     

马铃薯AP2/ERF转录因子的克隆及植物表达载体构建

AP2/ERF基因家族转录因子普遍存在于植物中,参与植物体内的各种生物学过程,包括植物的生长发育、生物和非生物胁迫响应等。前期转录组测序的结果发现马铃薯‘加湘1号’一个AP2/ERF家族基因(PGSC0003DMG400012154)在接种晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)24 h后被显著激活。从接种P.infestans 24 h的‘加湘1号’的总RNA中通过RT-PCR获得了该基因CDS序列为885 bp,BLAST分析显示该基因编码一个295个氨基酸残基的蛋白,并且含有1个AP2/ERF结构域,是AP2/ERF转录因子家族中的ERF亚家族的一员。本研究将该基因与XcmⅠ酶切的表达载体pCXSN连接,转化大肠杆菌,通过测序挑选插入正确克隆酶切验证,并成功转化农杆菌。本研究结果为进一步研究该基因的功能提供了帮助。     

马铃薯晚疫病发生因素研究

世界各地种植马铃薯的地区,都有晚疫病的发生,不同地区晚疫病发生因素不尽相同,损失程度也由多方面因素决定的。作者结合部分试验结果,论述了气候条件、种植品种、田间管理和药剂防治四方面对马铃薯晚疫病的影响。其中气候条件对马铃薯晚疫病影响最大。     

番木瓜植株镁钾含量变化与缺钾叶枯病的关系

采用田间调查、采样及其室内分析与田间试验相结合的方法,在低钾而高镁的土壤上,从植株各个部位探索番木瓜植株镁、钾营养变化对其生理性缺钾叶枯症的影响。结果表明,番木瓜叶枯症的发生,除与土壤有效钾缺乏有关外,Mg/K比值过高也是导致该症发生的一个重要原因。发生缺钾叶枯病的番木瓜植株,其根、茎、叶片、叶柄等器官含镁量均明显提高,施用钾肥后不但提高了植株的含K量,而且能抑制番木瓜植株对镁的吸收,从而协调平衡Mg/K比值,生理性缺钾叶枯症得到有效控制。     

Half-sib progeny evaluation and selection of potatoes resistant to the US8 genotype of Phytophthora infestans from crosses between resistant and susceptible parents

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) resistant parents in cultivar development and identify superior clones possessing moderate to high late blight resistance combined with acceptable maturity and tuber quality. Ninety-five crosses were made between eight unadapted parents with reported late blight resistance (B0718-3, Bertita, Bzura, Greta, Libertas, Stobrawa, Tollocan and Zarevo) and susceptible parents (cultivars or advanced breeding clones) adapted to North American growing conditions. A total of 408 field selected clones were assessed for late blight resistance in the greenhouse and in the field using a mixture of US8 P. infestans isolates (A2 mating type, metalaxyl resistant) that overcame all known R-genes except R8 and R9. Clones with ≤ 10% infected foliar area in the greenhouse test or ≤ 0.30 RAUDPC (relative area under the disease progress curve) value in the field in 1998 were re-tested in 1999. A total of 118 (29% of 408) putative late blight resistant clones were selected. The eight late blight resistant parents differed in both the ability to transmit late blight resistance and in the level of resistance transmitted to the progeny. The Tollocan and B0718-3 families (half-sib progeny) had the greatest degree of resistance and frequency of resistant clones. Scott-Knott cluster analysis ranked 79 clones (67% of 118) in the high and moderate late blight resistant groups. Among these 79 clones, 19 clones had vine maturity equal to or earlier than mid-season combined with acceptable tuber quality. Further selection in 2000 resulted in eight advanced selected clones (six from Tollocan and two from B0718-3 families) with the same level of resistance as the parent combined with vine maturity and tuber quality equivalent to Atlantic, a standard cultivar for chip processing in North America. The results indicate that this breeding approach can be used to select parents for late blight resistance breeding and to identify superior clones with high levels of late blight resistance and marketable vine maturity and tuber quality. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.