Nitrogen Mineralization of Two Manures as Influenced by Contrasting Application Methods under Laboratory Conditions

The decomposition and the associated nitrogen (N) dynamics of organic N sources are affected by their contact with soil. While several authors have examined the effect of surface application or incorporation of crop residues on their decomposition rate, less information is available about the relationship between the placement of animal manure and their N mineralization rate. This study investigated the influence of chicken manure and cattle manure placement on soil N mineralization. The manures were incorporated or surface applied at 175 mg N kg^?1, and N release was periodically determined over 56 days by measuring inorganic N [nitrate (NO₃ ^?) N and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) N] in a 2 M potassium chloride (KCl) extract at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v). Results indicated that the control soil released a maximum of 64 mg N kg^?1 soil at day 21, a sixfold increase over the initial concentration, which indicates its substantial mineralization potential. Manure treatments showed an initial increase in net NO₃ ^?-N content at the start of the experiments (until day 7) before an extended period of immobilization, which ended at day 21 of the incubation. A small but positive net N mineralization of all manures was observed from 28 days of incubation. At each sampling time, the mean mineral N released from the control was significantly less (P < 0.01) than surface-applied chicken manure, incorporated chicken manure, and surface-applied cattle manure. Treatments exceptions were at days 21 and 28 where N immobilization was at its peak. In contrast, incorporation of cattle manure showed a different N-release pattern, whereby the mineral N amount was only significantly greater than the control soil at days 42 and 56 with 84 and 108 mg N kg^?1 soil respectively. Incorporation of chicken manure and cattle manure did not favor nitrification as much as surface application and cattle manure caused a much greater immobilization when incorporated than when surface applied.     

秸秆还田和休耕对赣东北稻田土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验研究了水稻秸秆还田和休耕对稻田土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,添加秸秆的处理S1R0和S1R1土壤有机碳含量分别有高于不添加秸秆的处理S0R0和S0R1的趋势,并在2011年早稻收获时达到显著水平.添加秸秆对全量养分的影响并不显著,但显著增加了土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量.2011年早稻收获时休耕处理土壤全氮和全磷含量显著高于连续种植水稻的处理.与2009年早稻收获时相比,201 1年早稻收获时S0R0和S1R0处理土壤速效磷含量分别提高了55.5％和29.3％,说明休耕显著提高了土壤速效磷含量.休耕处理土壤中速效钾含量一直维持在较高水平,而连续种植水稻的处理速效钾含量则逐年下降.     

Residual nitrogen effects on a succeeding oat (Avena sativa L.) Crop of clover species and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) undersown in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of white clover (var. Milka and Donna), red clover (var. Fanny) and ryegrass (var. Tove) undersown in winter wheat on a succeeding oat crop. Under the climatic conditions prevailing in Sweden, growing a catch crop after winter cereals is of particular interest because the latter are usually followed by a spring sown crop, leaving the ground bare during autumn and winter. Field trials were carried out during three growing seasons in an integrated farming system and for one year in an organic farming system. Competition from the dense wheat crop in the integrated farming system had a negative effect on the undersown species, and at harvest of the wheat they showed quite poor growth in all three years, with nitrogen contents under 5 kg ha^?1. No significant yield increase was measured without added nitrogen when the averages for all three years were calculated. On average, the grain yields were improved by 750 kg ha^?1 (14% moisture content) for the treatments with undersown clover for all three years when 90 kg N ha^?1 were added. The experiment within the organic system showed a different pattern with a better development of the undersown clover species, with nitrogen contents approximately 25 kg ha^?1 and an improvement in oat grain yield, from around 2?000 kg ha^?1 for the control to almost 3?500 kg ha^?1 with clover undersown the previous year.     

Promotive and inhibitory effects of rice straw and cellulose application on rice plant growth in pot and field experiments

Abstract

Quantitative characterization of crusts is necessary to evaluate the crusting susceptibility of soils, to reveal the soil properties affecting soil crust development and, thus, to predict the occurrence of crusting. For the quantification of the morphological characteristics of soil surface crusts, the authors applied an image analyzing method to quantify the state of pores, in terms of apparent porosity, using vertical thin sections of the surface crust formed under simulated rainfall.     

尼罗罗非鱼Smoothened的鉴定、表达模式及在精巢中的作用

为探究Smoothened (Smo)信号在精巢不同细胞增殖与存活中的作用,实验分离鉴定了尼罗罗非鱼smo (命名为Onsmo),检测了其在不同组织中的表达分布及在精巢中的细胞表达模式,在尼罗罗非鱼精巢组织的体外培养体系中,用Smo特异性激动剂SAG或抑制剂环巴胺分别进行处理,EdU掺入法及TUNEL法检测了处理后生殖细胞(Vasa⁺)、Sertoli细胞(Amh⁺)与Leydig细胞(Cyp17a1⁺)增殖或凋亡情况。结果显示,Onsmo开放阅读框全长2 478 bp,编码825个氨基酸,含有7次跨膜结构域,与人SMO氨基酸一致性达77%;Onsmo表达于包括精巢在内的多个组织;在精巢中,Onsmo在多种不同类型细胞表达,包括精原细胞、精母细胞、Sertoli细胞以及Leydig细胞;在精巢组织的体外培养体系中,SAG处理对精原细胞增殖具有显著促进作用,而环巴胺处理对Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞凋亡具有显著促进作用。研究表明,On Smo信号在尼罗罗非鱼精巢精原细胞增殖与体细胞存活中具有重要作用。该研究首次证实...     

基于稻草还田的氮肥优化管理研究

采用田间试验比较研究了在水稻秸秆还田环境下不同施氮模式对土壤N素供应、氮肥利用率及其对水稻生产力的影响。结果表明,稻草还田改善了土壤的供氮能力,不论在背景氮较低的砂性土壤上还是在背景氮较高的粘性土壤上,稻草还田配施减量氮肥(N1、N3处理全年施氮量180kg.hm-2,其中桃江主试验中N1处理早稻施氮80kg.hm-2,60%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥施用;晚稻施氮105kg.hm-2,50%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥,10%为穗肥施用;桃源氮替代试验中N1、N3处理早稻施氮81kg.hm-2,晚稻施氮99kg.hm-2,N1处理早、晚稻氮肥施用分配比例为基肥30%,分蘖肥30%,穗肥40%,N3处理早稻氮肥50%为基肥,50%为分蘖肥施用,晚稻氮肥50%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥,10%为穗肥施用)处理,相对于移走稻草 高量氮肥(N2处理其中桃江主试验早稻施氮量115kg.hm-2,晚稻施氮量为150kg.hm-2,分别以60%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥施用;桃源氮替代试验早稻施氮量为108kg.hm-2,50%为基肥,50%为分蘖肥施用,晚稻施氮量为132kg.hm-2,50%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥,10%为穗肥施用)处理之间稻田系统生产力无显著差异,但每年节约60～80kg纯氮化肥的投入,提高了其边际成本报酬率。分次施氮的效果表明,稻草还田下等量氮肥不同施氮模式(N1、N3)处理之间,水稻产量差异不显著,但水稻吸氮高峰集中在分蘖旗至孕穗期,N1模式减少了基肥施氮量,防止了因作物未能及时吸收导致的土壤速效氮的损失,而适当增加作物后期施氮量又能有效缓减作物后期生长大量吸氮的要求与微生物分解稻草固持矿质氮之间的矛盾,改善了土壤的供氮状况,其效果最优。因此,在全年稻草还田量为7500kg.hm-2的红壤稻田系统,根据投入氮肥的边际收益,全年适宜配施氮量为180kg.hm-2,且各时期施氮量优化比例为基肥30%、分蘖肥30%、穗肥40%。     

黄芪多糖对雏鸡外周血T淋巴细胞转化功能的影响

将１０８只１日龄伊莎系蛋用公雏均分为３组：一组为对照,其余２组在３日龄时,于背侧颈部皮下分别注射０．２、０．４ｍＬ黄芪多糖注射液（０．０１ｇ／ｍＬ）１次,再分别于７、２１、３５、４９日龄时采用ＭＴＴ比色法及微量全血培养３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法检测外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率的动态变化。结果表明,黄芪多糖对２１、３５日龄雏鸡Ｔ淋巴细胞转化功能有增强作用,且与剂量有相关性,而对７、４９日龄雏鸡的作用不明显。ＭＴＴ比色法与３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法的检测结果无显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田土壤活性碳氮动态变化的影响

【目的】土壤微生物量碳氮和水溶性有机碳氮是土壤中最活跃的碳氮组分,是衡量土壤碳氮周转与养分有效性的重要指标。探讨秸秆配施氮肥、氮肥用量及基追比例对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮、水溶性有机碳氮、易氧化有机碳和速效氮的影响,明确秸秆还田条件下水稻生长季不同氮肥用量与基追比的土壤活性碳氮变化特征,为稻麦轮作区秸秆还田的氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】2012—2015年在湖北省荆门市田间试验中设置施氮量、秸秆配施氮肥和施氮时期3个大田试验。施氮量:不施氮(N0),推荐施氮(165 kg·hm-2,N165),习惯施氮(195 kg·hm-2,N195);秸秆配施氮肥:秸秆移除(CK),秸秆还田(移栽前将上季小麦秸秆全部还田,S),秸秆还田+习惯施氮量(SN),秸秆还田+推荐施氮量(SF),秸秆还田+推荐施氮量+腐解菌剂(SM);施氮时期:基施﹕拔节期﹕抽穗期氮肥施用比例为7﹕3﹕0(R1),5﹕3﹕2(R2),10﹕0﹕0(R3)。【结果】秸秆还田+习惯施氮量(SN)显著提高了水稻拔节期土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)含量,但是其成熟期水溶性有机碳含量(DOC)显著降低。秸秆还田+推荐施氮量(SF)显著提高...     

膜下秸秆还田添加腐解剂对旱地土壤碳氮积累及土壤肥力性状的影响

探索全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田添加腐解剂对旱地耕层土壤碳氮积累及土壤肥力性状的影响。2015-2017年在甘肃省农业科学院庄浪试验站,实施了以常规种植(CP)、常规种植+秸秆还田(CP_S)、常规种植+秸秆还田+腐解剂(CP_SD)、全膜双垄种植(FMRF)、全膜双垄种植+秸秆还田(FMRF_S)和全膜双垄种植+秸秆还田+腐解剂(FMRF_SD)为处理的田间定位试验。测定了耕层0~30 cm土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)和速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、土壤容重(BD)和土壤pH,计算了耕层秸秆固存率(CSE)和碳氮积累量。结果表明,FMRF_SD通过改善水热环境协同秸秆微生物腐解剂生产增效作用,加速了还田秸秆腐解与养分释放,产生的有机物抵消了土壤有机氮矿化损失,释放的养分补充了作物生长对土壤养分的消耗;改善后的水热肥条件又促进作物旺盛生长,使更多的有机物(落叶、根茬)回归土壤,从而显著促进了耕层SOC和TN的积累、提高了土壤TN、TP、TK和AN、AP、AK的含量,尤其是显著提高AP和AK的含量(P<0.05)。与CP比,FMRF_SD 3年累计固存了41.17%的秸秆碳, 耕层年均增加SOC和TN贮量0.79 mg C·hm^-2和0.04 mg N·hm^-2;使耕层TN、TP、TK和AN、AP、AK 含量提高了0.05、0.03、3.05 g·kg^-1和10.80、8.90、101.50 mg·kg^-1,相应地增加了6.87%、6.94%、15.28%、10.24%、56.69%、55.34%。同时,FMRF_SD使土壤BD和pH值分别降低了3.9%和0.2%。土壤碳氮贮量、氮磷钾养分含量的增加以及土壤BD和pH 值的降低,增加了土壤供肥能力、改善了土壤结构和性状,从而显著提高了肥力。因此,FMRF_SD是适合当地的最有效的农田碳氮库土壤肥力管理模式。     

Induced N-limitation of bacterial growth in soil: Effect of carbon loading and N status in soil

Application of C-rich plant residues can change the soil system from C-limitation for microbial growth to limitation by other nutrients. However, the initial nutrient status of the soil may interact with the added amount of residues in determining limitation. We studied this interactive effect in soils from the Harvard Forest LTER, where annual addition of N since 1988 has resulted in soils with different N-status: No N (Unfertilized), 50 (Low N) and 150 (High N) kg N ha⁻¹. We hypothesized that adding C-rich substrate would change the soil from being C- to being N-limited for bacterial growth and that the extent of N-limitation would be higher with increasing substrate additions, while becoming less evident in soil with increasing N-status. We compared the effect of adding two C-rich substrates, starch (0, 10, 20, 40 mg g⁻¹ soil) and straw (0, 20, 40, 80 mg g⁻¹), incubating the soils for up to 3 and 4 weeks for starch and straw, respectively. Nutrient limitations were studied by measuring bacterial growth 3 days after adding C as glucose and N as NH₄NO₃ in a full factorial design. Initially bacterial growth in all soils was C-limited. As hypothesized, adding C-rich substrates removed the C-limitation, with lower amounts of starch and straw needed in the unfertilized and Low N soils than in the High N soil. Combinations of different N-status of the soil and amendment levels of starch and straw could be found, where bacterial growth appeared close to co-limited both by available C and N. However, at even higher amendment levels, presumable resulting in N-limitation, bacterial growth still responded less by adding N then C-limited soils by adding C. Thus, in a C-limited soil there appeared to be N available immediate for growth, while in an N-limited soil, easily available C was not immediately available.