五台山南台山地草甸种群对旅游干扰的生态响应

以五台山南台为例,利用生态位的宽度指数,研究了草甸种群对旅游干扰的生态响应。结果表明:(1)紫羊茅、珠芽蓼和北方嵩草的生态位宽度较大,是群落的建群种。随着距离的增加,旅游干扰减小,不仅物种的数量越来越多,而且其生态优势也趋于增强,说明旅游干扰限制了种群对其周围资源的利用。其中,紫羊茅的相对优势在下降,而北方嵩草的相对优势却不断增强。(2)两种划分方法表明,北方嵩草、雪白委陵菜、零零香、歪头菜、小红菊和兰花棘豆是增长型的种类;扁蓄是衰退型的种类;地榆是波动型的种类。     

A new lean no time test baking method with improved discriminating power

In response to customer concerns related to gluten strength in commercial baking, the Canadian Grain Commission assessed whether the Canadian Short Process (CSP) test bake method was generating useful data related to intrinsic strength of wheat varieties. Assessment of CSP loaf volume data for Canadian variety trials spanning 2003 to 2013 showed very little correlation with dough strength parameters as measured by farinograph and extensigraph. A lean no time (LNT) test baking method was developed that can better discriminate genotypes and provide objective indicators of the effect of intrinsic dough strength on baking quality. From early method development, through method validation and verification using diverse sets of samples targeting different Canadian wheat classes and grown in three different crop years, results showed the LNT method to be more discriminating and easily adopted by other laboratories. In 2015, the LNT method was adopted as the method of choice in future Canadian variety registration trials. The LNT method is fast, simple and well-suited to high throughput test baking conditions encountered in the evaluation of large numbers of breeder lines. A new objective parameter, loaf top ratio, was also introduced and found to correlate well with dough strength and dough handling properties.     

The effectiveness of consistent roguing in managing banana bunchy top disease in smallholder production in Africa

The removal of infected individuals is a common practice in the management of plant disease outbreaks. It minimizes the contact between healthy individuals and inoculum sources by reducing the infectious window of contaminated individuals. This requires early detection and consistent removal at landscape scale. Roguing of mats with symptoms of banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in Cavendish banana production systems has been tested in Australia, using trained personnel, but has never been tested in smallholder systems. We studied the effectiveness of long-term consistent roguing in prolonging the productivity of banana orchards under smallholder farming systems in highland banana and plantain dominated production systems in Africa. We assessed the possibility of low-risk seed sourcing from the managed plots. Roguing reduced BBTD incidence to 2% in managed farmer fields and to 10% in experimental field plots, while a nonmanaged field eventually collapsed in the same period. With roguing, new infections decreased monthly compared to an exponential increase in a nonmanaged field. The emergence of new infections in both managed and nonmanaged farms followed a seasonal cycle. BBTD managed plots were a source of low-risk seed for replacing the rogued mats in the same fields, but perhaps not safe for use in nonendemic areas. We conclude that it is possible for smallholder farmers to recover and maintain banana productivity with rigorous roguing, which would entail early identification of symptoms and early removal of diseased mats. Studies are needed on the intensity of roguing under different disease and production conditions.     

胡萝卜联合收获机单圆盘对顶切割装置设计与试验

针对胡萝卜联合收获过程中对顶切割装置作业后胡萝卜损伤率高、切净率低等问题,设计了一种单圆盘对顶切割装置,并阐述了其主要结构及工作原理。在统计分析胡萝卜基本物理特性的基础上,通过理论计算确定了斜拉式导向齐平对顶机构的两对齐基板间距、拉齐区长度和对齐基板斜边角度等主要结构参数,达到胡萝卜茎叶精准拉齐的目的。以螳螂前肢胫节曲线为原型,将拟合优化后的曲线形状应用至圆盘动割刀和直割刀刃口上,构建切割机构-胡萝卜茎叶力学模型,分析其满足胡萝卜被高效切断的条件。对圆盘割刀进行运动学分析,建立圆盘割刀前进方向的运动学模型,确定影响装置工作性能的因素为胡萝卜输送速度和圆盘割刀转速。以胡萝卜收获机夹持输送皮带轮转速(胡萝卜输送速度)和圆盘割刀转速为试验因素,以胡萝卜根茎损伤率、茎叶切净率、切割平整度为试验指标,进行了二因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验,通过对试验结果进行分析优化,确定最佳参数组合。结果表明,当胡萝卜收获机夹持输送皮带轮转速为113 r/min、圆盘割刀转速为156 r/min时,对顶切割装置性能最优,此时胡萝卜损伤率均值为0.53%、切净率均值为95.41%、平整度均值为94.10%。对优化结果进行田间试验验证,验证结果与优化结果基本一致,作业过程中装置工作平稳。     

开顶式气室的内外环境差异及其对小麦生长的影响

为探究开顶式气室（Open top chamber,OTC）内外环境差异及其对植物生长的影响,通过对比观测OTC内外的温度、湿度、光合有效辐射以及小麦的净光合速率、生物量、产量,评价了OTC对小麦生长的环境条件及叶片光合速率和产量的影响程度。结果表明：实验通气时间段（9：00-17：00）,OTC内部温度比外部高4.8 ℃（P<0.05）,相对湿度低0.6个百分点（P<0.05）,光合有效辐射低 32.3%（P<0.05）。OTC内小麦的净光合速率显著高于 OTC外（P<0.05）,且最大影响出现在小麦灌浆阶段。OTC内的小麦单株生物量增加了 13.3%,其中穗生物量增加最多（35.2%）;小麦单株产量增加了 49.2%,其中籽粒数和千粒质量均增加了 34.5%。实验结果不仅表明 OTC增温能够促进农作物生产并提高产量,而且也提示,若采用 OTC开展空气 CO₂和 O₃等浓度增加对植物影响模拟实验时,应该尽量减少OTC内外的微气候差异,并考虑OTC增温可能对实验结果的影响。     

毛竹枯梢病林间流行动态的研究

据1989～1991年尤溪县东边村毛竹林定点观测结果表明,毛竹枯梢病在林间流行的时间动态应属于积年流行病害(单循环病害),逐年病菌数量递增和病害在林间扩散的速率是遵循罗辑斯蒂型规律,病株率和感病指数按2.5倍和3.4倍的速率逐年上升,一般4～5年濒临毁灭。病害流行的空间动态属于聚集分布型,发病初期有较明显的发病中心区,子囊孢子呈陡峭的扩散梯度传播,扩散的水平距离5～10m范围。病菌数量按“复利病害”逐年递增,病害在林间迅速扩散,则在初次发现零星病株就应彻底消灭。     

低湿耕地玉米分层配比施肥的研究

试验结果表明,玉米分层配比施肥,完全可以代替玉米种肥、追肥相结合施肥法,增产效果明显。特别是N、P、K全肥分层配比施用好于N、P肥分层配比施用,在低湿地有推广价值。     

香蕉束顶病毒PCR检测技术研究

建立了聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增技术检测香蕉组织和单头蚜虫内的香蕉束顶病毒（ＢＢＴＶ）,并报道了ＢＢＴＶ免疫捕捉ＰＣＲ（ＩＣ－ＰＣＲ）和直接结合ＰＣＲ（ＤＢ－ＰＣＲ）检测方法,ＩＣ－ＰＣＲ和ＤＢ－ＰＣＲ分别能从４μｇ和０．４ｍｇ香蕉叶组织中检测到ＢＢＴＶ。     

定植和打顶及品种对雾培马铃薯器官建成的影响

该试验采用L9(34)正交试验设计,研究了不同定植节数、打顶次数及品种对雾培马铃薯植株茎粗、根系、LAI,LOX活性及结薯能力的影响.结果表明:雾培马铃薯定植3节及打顶2次处理均能促进LOX活性增强、匍匐茎发生,增加块茎数量和质量;结薯能力与品种差异相关密切,品种费乌瑞它结薯能力最佳;同时发现LOX活性增强利于雾培马铃薯结薯.品种费乌瑞它结合定植3节和打顶2次为雾培结薯最优组合.     

极小素子模及其拓扑性质

研究极小素子模及其性质,特别是研究了拓扑模、乘法模上的极小素子模的结构及性质,也研究了极小素子模谱的拓扑性质。