精准扶贫背景下云南少数民族山区农村居民点空间格局演变

为合理确定山区农村居民点的优化布局方向,科学指导山区农村居民点土地整治和新农村建设,该文以2018年脱贫的原国家级贫困县云南省寻甸回族彝族自治县为研究区,综合运用遥感解译、GIS分析、景观形状指数模型等方法,从空间、规模与形态等方面研究2001-2017年农村居民点的演变特征及其影响因素。研究表明:1)在规模形态方面,农村居民点的演变主要表现为:整体规模扩展显著,景观形状趋于规则,平均斑块规模增大;2)在空间分布方面,农村居民点向地形条件优越地区集聚的特征愈发明显。核密度和聚类检验的分析结果表明,农村居民点斑块规模空间分异明显,分布形态由小规模分散式逐渐向大规模集聚式发展;3)自然地理因素是影响山区农村居民点分布格局的基本因素,而社会经济因素、区位因素以及政策因素是促使其空间分布变化的重要因素。该研究可对地质灾害频发的西南边疆贫困山区的农村的脱贫攻坚工作提供一定的实践指导作用,并为其农村居民点空间布局优化提供科学的理论依据。     

淫羊藿属植物杂交F1代植株形态和种间系统演化研究

淫羊藿属植物多数种类在形态分类性状上存在连续过渡的形态变异现象,导致种间的鉴别困难.本研究对粗毛淫羊藿、巫山淫羊藿、天平淫羊藿,3个物种合计29个居群之间的种间杂交F1代植株及其亲本形态学进行了比较研究.结果表明:AC×MY、AC×WU、WU×MY 3种组合杂交F1代的叶片形状表现为双亲过渡形态,控制淫羊藿花瓣距短于内萼片的基因可能是部分显性,E.acuminatum的花瓣和内萼片颜色属于显性遗传.所得结果为淫羊藿属植物分类学、种间系统关系及其起源与进化研究提供了新的资料和线索.     

东北地区水稻产量和品质演进特征研究

以东北地区近40年生产上应用的18个代表性品种为材料,依据育成年代分为2000年以来、上世纪90年代、80年代和70年代(本文所指70、80、90年代均为20世纪),研究产量及其构成因素、穗部性状和品质的变化特性.结果表明,随着品种改良,产量均呈增加趋势,平均每个年代增长0.841 t/hm2,平均增长率为11.6％,主要是由于总颖花量的增加,其关键在于每穗粒数的增加.随年代演进,结实率逐步提高,近3个年代千粒重差异不显著,但极显著低于70年代.由70年代至90年代,出糙率、精米率和整精米率分别提高1.5％、7.1％、25.9％,而近年来育成的品种出糙率显著下降,精米率和整精米率无显著变化.粒长和长宽比随年代演进呈增加趋势,白度、垩白度、蛋白质含量下降,直链淀粉含量略有增加,食味品质明显改善.     

Recent advances in molecular genetics of forest trees

The use of molecular markers has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genome structure of forest trees. Conifers, in particular, have a relatively large genome, containing a very high proportion of repeated DNA, consisting of tandemly repetitive and dispersed repetitive DNA sequences. The nature of highly conserved tandemly repetitive rRNA genes has been investigated in a number of tree species, and their sites mapped on specific chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Different families of retrotransposons (IFG, and TPE1) have been isolated and characterized from the dispersed repetitive DNA of pines. Genome maps have been constructed in a number of forest tree genera: Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Cryptomeria, Taxus, Populus, and Eucalyptus. EST databases have been established from cDNA clones of pines and poplars. The structure and maternal or paternal modes of inheritance of organelle genomes have been investigated in forest trees. Comparative mapping in conifers has shown that gene families are conserved across genera. Due to lack of polyploidy in conifers, the evolution of this group of trees may have occurred primarily by duplication and dispersal of genes, probably by retrotranspositions, to form complex gene families. The evolution of angiosperm tree species has presumably involved both gene duplication as well as genome duplication (polyploidy). Application of genetic engineering has shown that genes from phylogenetically unrelated organisms can be introduced and expressed in trees, thus offering prospects of genetic improvement of forest trees. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

磴口县地下水空间异质性分析及其对景观格局变化的响应

应用地统计学和地理信息系统方法,分析内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市磴口县地下水埋深对景观格局演变的响应。首先,通过半变异函数模型分析了磴口县地下水埋深的空间异质性特征,进而利用克里金插值对研究区2008、2016年的地下水埋深空间分布进行了拟合;其次,基于磴口县2008年与2016年的景观格局分布数据,研究了其景观格局演变特点;最后利用GIS叠加分析手段,将地下水埋深变化与景观格局演变数据进行耦合,分析了地下水埋深对景观格局演变的响应机制。研究结果如下：①空间上,磴口县地下水埋深大体遵循由东北向西南逐渐加深的趋势,研究时段内其空间异质性呈上升趋势,空间异质性中的随机扰动增强。②县域主要景观类型为林地,其次为沙地、裸地与水体,研究时段内建筑用地与水体增加明显,耕地与沙地略有减少。③景观格局演变对地下水埋深有较明显的影响,建筑用地的扩张使其加深,地表灌溉系统的不断完善使其上升。总体来看,磴口县地下水资源利用效率有较明显的提高。     

5种蔷薇科树种多酚氧化酶比较基因组学分析

蔷薇科植物中有多种具有重要价值的水果,如苹果、梨、桃、草莓和黑树莓等。这些水果普遍容易发生由多酚氧化酶(PPO)介导的酶促褐变而导致重大经济损失,从全基因组角度分析比较PPO基因家族,有助于加深对PPO基因家族和功能的认识。采用比较基因组学的方法,对这5种植物的PPO基因家族进行了基因鉴定、染色体定位、编码蛋白的亚细胞定位、内含子统计分析、基因系统进化、基因倍增与丢失等特征分析。从这5种植物中,共计鉴定出了42个PPO基因,其中6个基因被认定是假基因;绝大多数基因编码的蛋白定位于叶绿体,2个定位于线粒体,3个是分泌型蛋白;PPO基因在染色体上有串联重复和散布两种形式;9个基因具有内含子,聚类结果显示可以将它们分为6个类型,每个基因类型在进化过程中都发生过基因倍增和丢失;同型基因内含子的位置和大小具有相似性。这些结果揭示蔷薇科植物PPO基因内含子是伴随着基因倍增产生的,基因倍增也是推动PPO基因多样化的重要动力,PPO基因倍增和丢失差异导致PPO基因数量在不同物种之间产生差异。     

Evidence for long-term prevalence of cucumber vein yellowing virus in Sudan and genetic variation of the virus in Sudan and the Mediterranean Basin

Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) is emerging throughout the Mediterranean Basin, where it causes significant damage to cucumber and melon crops. It has been suggested that CVYV originated from the Middle East and has spread only recently to other areas. In this work, an isolate from Sudan was characterized, and surveys performed in that country between 1992 and 2012 revealed a long-term presence of CVYV with a high molecular variability, showing that the virus has long been endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Comparison of the full-length sequences of 11 CVYV isolates from different geographic origins revealed recombination events in CVYV populations from the Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East, and evidence for different selection pressures along the genome. These results shed a new light on the evolution of CVYV.     

一种基于微分进化的采摘机器人运动反解方法

针对传统的采摘机器人运动反解求法的求解过程过于繁琐及自适应性等不足,提出了一种基于微分进化的采摘机器人运动反解求取方法。该方法首先利用采摘机器人运动正解方程构造出求解采摘机器人运动反解的目标函数,然后运用微分进化算法的泛化性和自适应性对该目标函数进行优化处理,从而求解出采摘机器人运动反解。同时,为了分析该方法的性能,还分别对传统的采摘机器人运动反解和基于微分进化的采摘机器人运动反解进行了对比试验,从而验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Isozyme studies of genetic diversity and evolution in Hippophae

Summary To provide information on the genetic variation, differentiation and evolution in Hippophae seed samples of 25 populations from China, Finland and Russia were electrophoretically analyzed. Of six loci investigated, four were good genetic markers for identifying species and subspecies. The percentages of polymorphic loci per population were 40.3% and 62.5% at 0.95 and 0.99 polymorphic criteria respectively. The mean number of alleles per locus per population was 2.1. Total genetic diversity in the material was 0.4614. Genetic diversity partitioning showed that there was a large amount of diversity residing within geographical populations (0.1354), between subspecies within species (0.1046) and between species (0.2566) but not between geographical populations (0.0114). There were nearly twice as many negative fixation indices as positive ones in Hippophae populations. The phylogenetic tree agreed very well with botanic classifications of the species and subspecies and their geographical distributions, and quantitatively presented the genetic relationships of 25 populations. A detailed view of the evolutionary stages in Hippophae showed clearly a general decline of similarity as evolutionary divergence continued, which further explained the evolution process in Hippophae.     

新构造运动对黄土高原环境变迁的影响

新构造运动是黄土高原区域环境变迁的主导性因素。25Ma以来青藏高原的阶段性强烈隆升,导致了东亚季风气候的形成和加强,黄土高原乃至整个西北地区气候向干旱化趋势演化。黄土高原及其周边地区的阶段性隆升或沉降与气候演化的共同作用,导致了黄土堆积沉积的跳跃式阶段性扩展。黄土高原的地貌演化可以黄河水系的诞生为界限(1.67～1.43MaB.P.)划分为二个阶段:古湖泊低地阶段和高原河流阶段。