Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

我国云南、湖北和山东葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性检测

为明确我国云南省宾川县、湖北省公安县和山东省烟台市葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性发生态势,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了这3个产区共127株葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性频率及抗性水平。结果显示,不同区域间病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均存在差异。其中,湖北省公安县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较高,抗性频率达92.0%,高抗菌株占76.0%,低抗菌株占16.0%,敏感菌株占8.0%;山东省烟台市霜霉病菌的抗性频率为74.0%,低抗菌株占64.0%,高抗菌株占10.0%,敏感菌株占26.0%;云南省宾川县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较低,抗性频率为29.6%,敏感菌株占70.4%,低抗菌株占29.6%,无高抗菌株。     

浑善达克沙地飞播区不同恢复阶段植物群落结构动态变化

为研究浑善达克沙地飞播区不同恢复阶段植物群落结构动态变化,揭示飞播后浑善达克沙地植被恢复的特点和变化规律,于2013—2017年在浑善达克沙地11个飞播区进行了植被调查试验,并从功能型角度出发,结合对应分析、关联度分析以及Mann-Kendall趋势分析等数据分析方法探讨了飞播区植被恢复的阶段性以及各功能型植物在群落中的地位和作用。结果显示:浑善达克沙地飞播区19 a恢复时间共分为3个恢复阶段,且飞播后,伴随恢复时间的推移,乔木、灌木半灌木、多年生杂类草、一/二年生杂类草、多年生豆科牧草、多年生禾草、一/二年生禾草7个功能型植物间的相互依赖程度逐渐减弱;随着恢复年限的增加,群落的稳定性逐渐增大。不同恢复阶段,植被恢复的主导功能型并不唯一,可在不同阶段进行适时管理,从而使植物群落的演替阶段和整体发展趋势更有利于退化沙地的植被恢复与重建。     

荒漠草原建群种及其枯落物的C、N、P生态化学计量特征

以希拉穆仁草原建群种羊草(Leymuschinensis)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora Griseb)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens nevski)及其枯落物为研究对象,通过测定其C、N、P质量分数,并计算生态化学计量比,分析建群种养分限制格局及养分再吸收规律。结果表明:①植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数均值分别为398.74、24.41、1.55 g/kg,枯落物的为362.53、14.79、1.17 g/kg,3种植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数与其枯落物的差异显著(P<0.05)。②植物在枯落之前会将养分转移,防止养分的流失,N、P的养分再吸收效率范围分别在13.51%~77.49%、2.65%~49.51%,N的回流率大于P,进而使其具备了较强的适应干旱环境的能力。③3种植物叶片的N/P、C/N、C/P变化范围分别在11.81~21.70、15.76~16.59、195.47~273.37,枯落物的变化范围分别在7.72~17.05、17.71~64.46、215.43~487.46,3种植物叶片与枯落物的N/P、C/P差异显著(P<0.05)。④植物叶片N/P均值为16.95,枯落物N/P均值为12.31,说明植物的生长主要受P的限制。研究结果可为荒漠草原提供草地管理指导。     

齐齐哈尔市城市森林空气负离子浓度变化规律

于2015-2017年的5-10月份,采取定位观测研究方法,在齐齐哈尔市城市森林中选取6个固定观测区,包括16种林分类型,在每个林分类型中设置固定观测点,进行逐月连年观测空气负离子浓度、正离子浓度以及空气温度湿度等环境因子,获取有效观测数据18万个;对观测数据系统全面分析,探索城市森林负离子浓度日变化、月变化、季节变化规律及时空分布格局。结果表明:经3 a连续观测,齐齐哈尔市城市森林空气负离子浓度的日变化规律,一般是早晨(06:00-08:00)达到峰值,随后下降,至中午或下午最低,晚上18:00左右再次出现峰值;负离子浓度最高值可达2000个/cm^3左右、最低值在300个/cm^3左右。齐齐哈尔市城市森林中,空气负离子浓度一年中的变化规律,从5月份开始逐月上升,到9月份达到峰值,从10月份开始下降,负离子浓度5月份最低,9月份最高。齐齐哈尔市城市森林各季节空气负离子浓度水平有所不同,秋季空气负离子浓度水平最高,夏季略低于秋季,春季最低。     

华山松大小蠹2个甲羟戊酸路径基因的克隆与表达

香叶基二磷酸合酶/法尼基焦磷酸（G/FPPS）和异戊二烯焦磷酸异构酶（IDI）是单萜和倍半萜生物合成途径分支点的关键酶。通过克隆华山松大小蠹DaG/FPPS和DaIDI基因的全长序列,预测基因和编码蛋白的性质、结构和功能,并对序列特征和不同发育时期（幼虫、蛹、初羽化期成虫和扩散期成虫）以及不同组织（头、前中肠、后中肠、后肠和剩余躯体）DaG/FPPS和DaIDI表达的研究,旨在揭示DaG/FPPS和DaIDI在华山松大小蠹信息化学物质合成中的分子调控机制。采用RT-PCR和RACE克隆华山松大小蠹DaG/FPPS和DaIDI基因,DNAStar、Blast、ExpasyProtscale、SignalP 4.1、PSORT和TargetP等多种生物信息学方法对基因全长cDNA序列、基本理化性质、系统进化关系、信号肽和蛋白亚细胞定位等进行分析。用Real-time PCR检测DaG/FPPS和DaIDI在华山松大小蠹不同发育时期和不同组织中的表达。结果表明,克隆获得华山松大小蠹香叶基二磷酸合酶/法尼基焦磷酸DaG/FPPS和异戊二烯焦磷酸异构酶DaIDI全长cDNA序列,分别命名为DaG/FPPS和DaIDI,DaG/FPPS编码的氨基酸序列与山松大小蠹DpF/GPPS相似度最高达95%,氨基酸序列含有一个RALS 四肽基序、7 个异戊烯基转移酶保守区（Ⅰ-Ⅶ）和2个典型的DD**D的天冬氨酸富含区;DaIDI编码的氨基酸序列与山松大小蠹IDI相似度最高,达到92%。Expasy Protscale结果表明DaG/FPPS蛋白疏水性氨基酸明显多于亲水性氨基酸,推测其为疏水性蛋白,而DaIDI蛋白亲水性氨基酸数量大于疏水性氨基酸,故推测DaIDI为亲水性蛋白,有较好的水溶性。信号肽预测结果表明,DaG/FPPS和DaIDI均不含信号肽,TargetP结果表明,DaG/FPPS和DaIDI蛋白含线粒体靶向肽,结合PSORT结果推测DaG/FPPS和DaIDI均定位于线粒体。华山松大小蠹DaG/FPPS和DaIDI在不同发育时期和不同组织中均有表达,其中完全羽化期与扩散期成虫保持一致,该阶段表达量最高,不同组织中前中肠表达量最高。     

陕西关中地区猕猴桃溃疡病菌对CuSO4的抗性评价

为明确陕西省猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病菌（Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae,Psa）对CuSO₄的抗性水平及与copA和copB基因表达量的相关性,使用最小抑菌浓度法（MIC）对分离自陕西省关中地区的84株Psa菌株对于CuSO₄的抗性进行检测。在此基础上,使用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对3株不同抗性水平Psa菌株的基因copA和copB与抗铜性的关系进行了分析。结果表明,供试的84株Psa菌株MIC分布在3.75~6.25 mmol·L^-1范围内;不同地区来源的菌株对CuSO₄的抗性表现出明显的差异,其中分离自周至的Psa菌株的抗铜水平明显高于眉县。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,不同浓度CuSO₄条件诱导下,3株不同抗性水平的菌株抗铜基因copA和copB表达水平与CuSO₄浓度成正相关,且菌株的抗性水平越高,基因copA和copB相对表达水平亦越高。陕西省关中地区的Psa菌株对CuSO₄表现出较高的抗性水平,且不同地区的Psa菌株的抗性表现出明显差异;copA和copB基因参与了Psa菌株对铜离子的适应性反应。     

转Cry抗虫基因玉米对家蚕的安全性评价

家蚕可能通过取食漂移到桑叶上的玉米花粉从而受到转基因玉米中表达的Cry蛋白的影响。实验采用室内生物测试的方法评价了转cry1Ab和cry2Ab基因玉米GAB-3花粉对家蚕可能产生的影响,并采用在饲料中掺入蛋白的方式检测了转基因玉米中广泛使用的6种Cry杀虫蛋白对家蚕的毒性。当桑叶上GAB-3花粉密度为50粒·cm^-2时,对家蚕幼虫存活率无显著影响,达500粒·cm^-2时,家蚕14 d存活率为0;以10粒·cm^-2的GAB-3花粉饲喂家蚕幼虫7 d对其体重无显著不利影响,但延长饲喂时间或者当GAB-3花粉密度为50粒·cm^-2时,家蚕的体重显著低于对照组;转基因和非转基因玉米花粉处理14 d或更长时间的家蚕体重均低于无花粉处理组。与非转基因对照处理组相比,低于100粒·cm^-2的转基因玉米GAB-3花粉处理组家蚕的化蛹率、茧重、茧壳重和蛹重无显著差异,转基因玉米和非转基因玉米花粉处理均会延长家蚕幼虫的发育历期。GAB-3花粉对家蚕7 d的LC₅₀为261.18粒·cm^-2,随着处理时间延长,LC₅₀下降。测试的6种Bt杀虫蛋白对家蚕的毒性依次为Cry1C>Cry1Fa>Cry1B>Cry2A>Cry1Ab>Cry1Ac。目前,在中国接近商业化的转基因玉米中多采用的Bt杀虫蛋白为Cry1Ab和Cry2A,二者对家蚕的毒性较低,并且在实际生产中,家蚕接触到的转基因玉米花粉密度较低,因此转Cry抗虫基因玉米对家蚕的风险较低。     

施肥浓度对摇臂式喷头喷灌施肥均匀性的影响

为了研究施肥浓度对喷灌施肥均匀性的影响规律,选用摇臂式喷头10PY₂H,测量其喷灌施肥时肥液体积、施肥浓度、施肥量3种参数的径向分布.试验中,氯化钾溶液质量浓度(即母液浓度)分别为0,20,35,50,65,80 g/L.采用叠加法计算组合喷洒时3种施肥参数的均匀度CU、分布均匀度DU和统计均匀度U_s.分析表明施肥浓度对摇臂式喷头的灌水施肥影响呈现非线性特点.增加母液浓度对肥液体积分布和施肥浓度分布均匀性的影响相对较小,但对施肥量分布均匀性的影响十分显著.组合喷灌加剧了不同测点的数值差异.随着母液浓度增大,施肥量径向分布变化增大,当母液质量浓度增大到80 g/L时,施肥量主要集中在20%~60%射程处,导致施肥均匀性急剧下降;当母液质量浓度小于等于35 g/L时,远端90%~100%射程处的施肥浓度相对更高,与前人得出的滴灌施肥系统施肥浓度沿管道方向递减的规律相反.3个评价指标中,均匀度CU数值最高,分布均匀度DU总体数值最低、变化最大,且以DU变化最为明显,这说明了DU能反映低值区的施肥情况.喷灌施肥等值线图表明肥液与施肥量的分布规律相似,但施肥浓度的分布情况则相反,这可能与射程远端施肥浓度更大有关.