具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵条件优化及菌剂制备

为了明确具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵过程中各因子的配比和最优条件,采用单因素试验对菌株最适碳源、氮源、载体、固态发酵基质进行了筛选,应用正交试验设计研究了碳源、氮源、初始含水量、接种量、初始pH、培养时间、培养温度7种因素对菌株活菌数的影响。试验结果表明菌株GD-9最佳固态发酵条件为:氮源NaNO_3 58.4 mg/g,碳源葡萄糖48.4 mg/g,培养基质最适初始含水量为258 mg/g,最适接种量为0.26 mL/g,初始pH 7.6,最佳培养时间147.8 h,最佳培养温度30.7℃,最适宜的载体为黏土,分散剂为聚乙烯醇,稳定剂为膨润土,润湿剂为糊精。通过发酵试验结果制备生防菌株GD-9的固体菌剂,该研究为菌剂的商品化生产奠定基础。     

不同光照条件对脱镁叶绿酸钠光敏抑菌活性的影响

脱镁叶绿酸钠是叶绿素代谢中间产物脱镁叶绿酸a的水溶性钠盐,具有良好的光敏抑菌活性。为探索光照条件对其抑菌活性的影响,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究在不同光照度、光波长及光照时间条件下,脱镁叶绿酸钠对忽视拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis neglecta的抑制作用。结果表明:20 mg/mL的脱镁叶绿酸钠在照度为2 000 lx的白光照射下对菌丝生长的抑制率为83.7%,在黑暗条件下抑制率为77.0%,表明光照对脱镁叶绿酸钠抑菌活性有显著影响 (P < 0.05);此外,白光的效果好于单色光;光照度及光照时间对抑菌活性也有显著影响,其中当照度为16 000 lx且光照时间为24 h时抑菌作用最强。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

Interaction between climate and management on beta diversity components of vegetation in relation to soil properties in arid and semi-arid oak forests,Iran

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites(4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots(1000 m~2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots(1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m~2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples(0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.     

碱性蛋白酶产生菌S9发酵条件的研究

为了解大庆地区盐碱土中嗜碱微生物蛋白酶产生情况,对大庆市盐碱土中筛选出的一株碱性蛋白酶菌株S9,通过单因子试验与正交试验确定该菌株的最佳培养基为:葡萄糖2%、硫酸铵2%、酵母浸粉0.5%;最佳培养条件为:温度30 ℃,pH 9.5.     

珍稀植物楠木的地理分布及潜在分布区的预测

以植物地理分布与气候变化间的关系为研究基础,通过MaxEnt模型,应用贡献率、置换重要值以及Jackknife检验、主成分分析,模拟研究影响楠木Phoebe zhennan地理分布的主要因子,分析楠木在当前的地理分布格局,并预测未来楠木在中国的潜在分布格局.结果表明,采用MaxEnt模型预测其潜在适宜分布区准确度极高,...     

近50年青海海南地区气候变化趋势及突变分析

为了全面分析青海海南地区近50 年的气候变化特征及未来趋势发展,为该区域合理利用气候资源及农业生产提供科学参考,采用线性分析、M-K法,对青海省海南地区1961—2010 年温度、降水、日照时数的观测资料进行了分析。结果表明：近50 年来,海南地区气温总体呈显著增温趋势,以冬季升温最明显,贡献率最大为特征。夏季、冬季和年降水量呈不显著的增多趋势,春季和秋季降水量则呈不显著的减少趋势。夏季日照时数呈显著减少趋势,年和其他季节日照时数的增减趋势不显著,说明夏季日照时数的减少是影响年日照时数减少的主要因素。年平均气温在1990 年发生了增温突变,年降水量和年日照时数未发生突变。     

沈山高速公路大雾天气气候特征及其对交通的影响及防御

利用沈山高速公路沿线8个气象观测站（沈阳、辽中、台安、盘锦、锦州、葫芦岛、兴城、绥中）1981—2012年的大雾实况资料,分析沈山高速公路沿线大雾时空分布特征。结果表明：在时间分布上,2003—2012年,沈山高速公路大雾日数呈上升趋势,年平均为16.4天,比20世纪80年代增加1.8天;辽中、台安、盘锦和沈阳4个站大雾天气主要出现在秋、冬季,而锦州、葫芦岛、兴城、绥中4个站大雾天气主要出现在夏、秋季。大雾日变化明显,有2个生成的高发阶段,一个在早晨3—6时,另一个在夜里21—24时,大雾消散的时间主要在15时之前,消散的峰值在上午9时左右,89%的大雾持续时间不超过10 h,2~4 h左右的雾发生频率最高。在空间分布上,沈山高速沿线西南部沿海雾日多,内陆地区雾日少,有明显的地区差异。在对沈山高速公路沿线大雾天气气候特征分析的基础上,结合2008—2012年沈山高速由于大雾的原因引发的交通事故分析,探讨了大雾对沈山高速公路交通的影响,选取大雾灾害隐患点,找出服务关键期,并有针对性地提出防御建议。     

黑河流域金塔段降水量对当地气候变化的响应

为了得到金塔降水量对当地气候变化的响应特征,通过小波分析法等统计方法对降水量和相关气候要素资料进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）近年来金塔县降水量除秋季以外,年以及其他季节降水量均呈显著上升趋势;（2）通过对降水量的多时间尺度分析,发现42 年内存在15 年左右的尺度,1975—1982 年、1988—1996 年、2004—2014 为偏多期,1982—1988 年、1996—2004 年为偏少期;利用Mann-Kendall 法、T滑动检验发现,当地降水量在42 年内虽然出现波动,但并未出现突变;（3）在夏季,降水量与其他气象要素存在着明显的响应关系,为了找到这种关系,依次进行相关性分析发现,随着降水量的变化,气温、日照时数、地表温度均表现出增大的趋势,其中降水量和地表温度的相互关系表现最为紧密,相关系数也最高。     

岔巴沟流域不同淤积状态下淤地坝淤积深度研究

为了进一步明确次暴雨条件下淤地坝的拦沙作用,利用岔巴沟流域不同淤积状态淤地坝泥沙沉积信息,结合线性回归和相关分析等方法,研究了不同淤积状态下淤地坝淤积深度关系。结果表明:(1)不同淤积状态淤地坝的最大淤积深度和平均淤积深度由高到低为堵塞坝(1.07 m, 0.62 m)>水毁坝(0.72 m, 0.53 m)>完好坝(0.70 m, 0.45 m)>淤满坝(0.19 m, 0.15 m)。(2)不同淤积状态下坝地淤积深度与降雨强度相关性拟合不明显;堵塞坝和水毁坝坝地淤积深度与B值(坝地面积与坝控流域面积之比)呈指数负相关,相关指数分别为0.73,0.71。(3)不同淤积状态淤地坝平均拦沙模数由大到小依次为:堵塞坝(14 274 t/km²)>完好坝(12 480 t/km²)>水毁坝(11 725 t/km²)>淤满坝(3 350 t/km²)。综上所述,暴雨条件下,堵塞坝具有高效的拦沙作用,但小库容坝地极易产生较大的淤积深度,从而对坝体产生威胁;堵塞坝和完好坝的...