怀集县柑橘溃疡病发生现状及其对柑橘产业的影响

通过对怀集县柑橘溃疡病发生面积、发生程度和空间分布调查,分析柑橘溃疡病对怀集县柑橘产业发展造成的影响,就柑橘溃疡病发生原因,提出相应地防控措施。     

Absorption and Mobility of Boron in Young Citrus Plants

Boron (B) deficiency is widespread in Brazilian citrus orchards and has been considered an important soil constraint to citrus yield. The aim of this work was to study B uptake and its mobility in young citrus trees, under different B statuses, in two rootstocks. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees budded on Rangpur lime or Swingle citrumelo. The plants were grown in pots containing nutrient solutions under either adequate or deficient B supply. Plants with different B levels were transplanted into solution with adequate level of B, enriched in ¹⁰B in different stages of development (vegetative growth and fruiting). About 20 to 35% of B content in the new parts of orange tree came from plant reserves. Boron mobility within the plant was influenced by its nutritional status; that is, the longer the period was that the plants were grown under deficient supply, the smaller was the mobility. Boron concentration in the sweet orange trees on Swingle was higher than that on Rangpur, suggesting higher demand of swingle Citrumelo for B.     

Carbon Dioxide Emission from Black Soil as Influenced by Land‐Use Change and Long‐Term Fertilization

Land‐use change and soil management play a vital role in influencing losses of soil carbon (C) by respiration. The aim of this experiment was to examine the impact of natural vegetation restoration and long‐term fertilization on the seasonal pattern of soil respiration and cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from a black soil of northeast China. Soil respiration rate fluctuated greatly during the growing season in grassland (GL), ranging from 278 to 1030 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1 with an average of 606 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1. By contrast, soil CO₂ emission did not change in bareland (BL) as much as in GL. For cropland (CL), including three treatments [CK (no fertilizer application), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application (NPK), and NPK together with organic manure (OM)], soil CO₂ emission gradually increased with the growth of maize after seedling with an increasing order of CK < NPM < OM, reaching a maximum on 17 August and declining thereafter. A highly significant exponential correlation was observed between soil temperature and soil CO₂ emission for GL during the late growing season (from 3 August to 28 September) with Q₁₀ = 2.46, which accounted for approximately 75% of emission variability. However, no correlation was found between the two parameters for BL and CL. Seasonal CO₂ emission from rhizosphere soil changed in line with the overall soil respiration, which averaged 184, 407, and 584 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1, with peaks at 614, 1260, and 1770 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1 for CK, NPK, and OM, respectively. SOM‐derived CO₂ emission of root free‐soil, including basal soil respiration and plant residue–derived microbial decomposition, averaged 132, 132, and 136 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1, respectively, showing no difference for the three CL treatments. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions decreased in the order OM > GL > NPK > CK > BL. The cumulative rhizosphere‐derived CO₂ emissions during the growing season of maize in cropland accounted for about 67, 74, and 80% of the overall CO₂ emissions for CK, NPK, and OM, respectively. Cumulative CO₂ emissions were found to significantly correlate with SOC stocks (r = 0.92, n = 5, P < 0.05) as well as with SOC concentration (r = 0.97, n = 5, P < 0.01). We concluded that natural vegetation restoration and long‐term application of organic manure substantially increased C sequestration into soil rather than C losses for the black soil. These results are of great significance to properly manage black soil as a large C pool in northeast China.     

Effectiveness of Vivianite to Prevent Lime-Induced Iron Deficiency in Lemon Trees Grown on Highly Calcareous Soil

The short-term effectiveness of three application rates of vivianite [(Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O)] in preventing lime-induced iron (Fe) chlorosis in Eureka lemon (Citrus lemon L.) cuttings grafted on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) was investigated and compared with the commonly applied iron ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (FeEDDHA). Treatments were suspension of vivianite injected into the soil at three rates (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g kg^?1 soil), 417 mg FeEDDHA per plant, and untreated plants. Chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) of the youngest fully expanded leaves was estimated. Growth vigor and leaf Fe concentration were also measured. Vivianite, particularly at the greatest two rates, resulted in significantly greater growth vigor and leaf Fe concentration and exhibited greater CCI values compared to untreated plants similar to FeEDDHA. However, if excessive growth vigor is not favorable, the 0.5 g vivianite kg^?1 soil is recommended for farmers. Vivianite is a potential environmentally safe alternative to the expensive FeEDDHA to prevent Fe chlorosis in lemon.     

Effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by‐products fermented with a probiotic microbe on growth performance,innate immunity and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Two consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of citrus by‐products (CB) fermented with probiotic bacteria on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder. In Experiment I, five diets were formulated to contain 0% (control) or 3% four different CB fermented with Bacillus subtilis (BS), Enterococcus faecium (EF), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) and L. plantarum (LP) (designated as CON, CBF‐BS, CBF‐EF, CBF‐LR and CBF‐LP, respectively). During 10 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance and feed efficiency were not significantly different among all the fish groups. However, fish fed CBF containing diets had significantly higher survivals than the CON group. Disease resistance of fish against Edwardsiella tarda was increased by the fermentation of CB. In Experiment II, we chose the BS as a promising probiotic and formulated five diets to contain 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% CBF‐BS. Growth performance was not significantly affected by the CBF‐BS supplementation during 6 weeks of a feeding trial. Innate immunity of fish was significantly enhanced by CBF‐BS supplementation. Myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities were increased in a dose‐dependent manner by dietary CBF‐BS inclusions. In a consecutive challenge test against E. tarda, an increased disease resistance was found by CBF‐BS supplementation. These studies indicate that the fermentation process of CB with probiotic has beneficial effects on innate immunity and thereby increases disease resistance of olive flounder against E. tarda. Bacillus subtilis can be used as a promising probiotic microbe for by‐product fermentation in fish feeds.     

有机肥与微生物肥配施对柑橘土壤肥力及叶片养分的影响

为解决上海崇明柑橘黄化、树体弱和产量下降等问题,对其配施有机肥与微生物肥,研究不同有机肥施肥量和施肥深度对柑橘园土壤肥力和柑橘养分、品质的影响。结果表明：与对照处理相比,混施有机肥与微生物肥可以不同程度地增加土壤中速效N、有效P和有效K的含量,最好的处理分别高出对照6.4%、24.7%和24.9%;并能提高土壤有机质的含量,其中混施40 kg有机肥与微生物肥的处理效果最好,高出对照15.6%,从而提高土壤肥力;混施有机肥与微生物肥料可以不同程度的增加土壤微生物的数量,并且能提高土壤中速效微量元素的含量及柑橘叶片中全氮和全钾及微量元素铜、锌、铁与镁的含量。     

2010年冬季陕南柑橘受冻气象条件分析及防御对策

为了有效利用气候资源,趋利避害,合理规划和发展陕南柑橘产业,在对2010年冬季陕南柑橘越冬冻害灾情调查的基础上,分析了当年柑橘越冬期冻害形成的气候背景;结合柑橘越冬期冻害指标及低温过程中的有害积寒,分析并验证了陕南柑橘越冬期冻害等级指标,提出了用低温过程中有害积寒划分陕南柑橘越冬冻害等级的相关指标;通过对安康、汉中2市12个柑橘种植县（区）2010年冬季及历史极端最低气温和低温过程有害积寒的分析,探讨了陕南柑橘越冬期冻害西部重于东部的原因,其分析结果与调查实情基本相符;最后从多个方面提出柑橘越冬期冻害的防御对策。     

Rapid in vitro microindexing of viroids in citrus

A new laboratory technique combining shoot-tip grafting in vitro and biological indexing on indicator plants was explored for the detection of citrus exocortis and related viroids. Τhree in vitro laboratory methods were used and compared with the classical biological method. With the classical in vivo method, diagnosis is based on the expression of symptoms on indicators 11–14 weeks after inoculation. In contrast, with the first in vitro method, microindexing in vitro of citron seedlings by graft inoculation, diagnosis was possible 12 days after inoculation; with the second method, microindexing in vitro of citron cuttings by graft inoculation, 20 days after inoculation; and with the third method, microindexing in vitro of citron cuttings by injection inoculation, 40 days after inoculation. Inoculated Etrog citron plantlets grown in vitro and tested by RT-PCR showed the same viroid content as the source plants. Of the three in vitro viroid indexing methods, microindexing on cuttings by grafting was easier and more reliable than microindexing either on seedlings or on cuttings by injection.     

A role for oxidative stress in the Citrus limon/Phoma tracheiphila interaction

Phoma tracheiphila , the agent of citrus 'mal secco', releases a toxic complex called malseccin into the plant. Oxidative stress was studied, both regarding the reaction of lemon ( Citrus limon ) leaves to the infiltration of fungal extracellular proteins, and the analysis of the pathogen's ability to cause symptoms in leaves of lemon cultivars with different degrees of susceptibility. Studies were perfomed in planta on three lemon cultivars: cv. Interdonato, partially tolerant to 'mal secco'; cv. Monachello, tolerant; and cv. Femminello, susceptible. When inoculated with P. tracheiphila extracellular proteins, cv. Interdonato leaves showed chlorosis and necrosis symptoms and an increase in lipoxygenase and glutathione peroxidase of up to 100 and 76·5 fold, respectively. Furthermore, extracellular proteins of P. tracheiphila infiltrated into leaves induced lipoperoxide formation 10 fold in cvs Interdonato and Femminello and 3 fold in cv. Monachello compared to the control, with Monachello reacting earlier. In vitro analyses indicate that the presence of lyophilized twigs and leaves (LTV) of cv. Monachello in the fungal growth medium, stimulated concentrations of superoxide dismutases (~20–60 fold), glutathione peroxidase (~115 fold) and catalase (~15 fold) in fungal mycelia. When LTV of cv. Femminello was added, the pathogen produced a higher quantity of hydrolytic enzymes in vitro , polygalacturonase (~40 fold) and laccase (~110 fold). The MALDI-TOF and TOF/TOF MS analyses performed on 60–70 KDa extracellular proteins of P. tracheiphila after inoculation in malseccin conducive media showed the presence of a monoamine oxidase enzyme able to release     and H₂O₂ in the cell. Overall the results suggest oxidative stress occurs in this interaction.