抗菌肽作用机制及其在畜禽养殖中应用

抗菌肽又称宿主防御肽,是一种具有广谱抗菌活性小肽类物质,是生物先天免疫系统的重要组成部分。抗菌肽具有抗细菌,抗真菌、抗寄生虫、抗病毒、抗癌细胞和免疫调节等功能,与抗生素作用机制不同,不易产生耐药性,有望成为抗生素替代品,在畜禽生产中应用广泛。文章综述抗菌肽作用机制及其在畜牧养殖中的应用,初步探讨抗菌肽作为抗生素替代物的应用前景。     

奶牛小肠上皮细胞的原代培养和鉴定

为研究小肽转运蛋白对小肽转运和吸收机制提供细胞模型,在体外建立原代奶牛小肠上皮细胞分离的方法,采用Ⅰ型胶原酶和中性蛋白酶混合消化液对奶牛小肠组织进行消化,通过2%山梨醇进行密度梯度离心以去除单核细胞、淋巴细胞和肌细胞;用刮除法、相差消化法和96孔板单克隆方法来纯化奶牛小肠上皮细胞,从细胞形态学、细胞角蛋白18免疫荧光染色和小肠上皮细胞特异性标志蛋白来鉴定奶牛肠上皮细胞。结果表明:1)采用Ⅰ型胶原酶和中性蛋白酶联合消化奶牛小肠组织,通过2%山梨醇密度梯度离心可以获得大量的细胞团且48h发生贴壁,但是细胞贴壁不牢。2)48h之后细胞团进一步向外辐射生长出细胞,细胞形态呈现典型的上皮细胞和铺路石形态。5~7d细胞处于对数生长期,细胞大量增值,一部分成纤维细胞与小肠上皮细胞夹杂生长。3)通过96孔板能够单克隆奶牛小肠上皮细胞,细胞呈现均一的铺路石形态。4)奶牛小肠上皮细胞角蛋白18鉴定为阳性,荧光显微镜下能够发出绿色荧光。5)通过RT-PCR能够检测到奶牛小肠上皮细胞特异性标志蛋白E-钙黏蛋白、碱性磷酸酶和肠肽酶的表达,成功建立了奶牛小肠上皮细胞的分离和培养方法。     

Molecular cloning and functional identification of an apple flagellin receptor MdFLS2 gene

The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase flagellin-sensing 2 gene(MdFLS2; Gene ID: MDP0000254112) was cloned from Royal Gala apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.). This gene contained a complete open reading frame of 3 474 bp that encoded 1 158 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree indicated that Prunus persica FLS2 exhibited the highest sequence similarity to MdFLS2. The PlantCare database suggests that the promoter sequence of MdFLS2 contains several typical cis-acting elements, including ethylene-, gibberellin-, salicylic acid-, and drought-responsive elements. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that MdFLS2 was widely expressed in the different tissues of the apple and most highly expressed in the leaves. Furthermore, MdFLS2 was significantly induced by the flagellin elicitor peptide flg22. Treatment of the apple seedling leaves with flg22 resulted in an increase in leaf callose levels with increased treatment duration. An increase in the production of O~(2–) along with the expression of disease-related genes was also observed. An oxidative burst was detected in the treated seedlings, but not in the control seedlings, indicating that flg22 had stimulated the expression of the MdFLS2 gene and its downstream target genes. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of MdFLS2 complemented the function of the Arabidopsis fls2 mutant and conferred enhanced flg22 tolerance to the transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that MdFLS2 acts as a positive regulator in the response to pathogens in apple.     

橡胶树β-淀粉酶基因HbBAM1的克隆与表达分析

叶绿体内的淀粉是植物光合作用产物的重要临时储存形式,这些淀粉的降解需要β-淀粉酶(BAM)。β-淀粉酶基因是一个多基因家族,分别在不同组织中起着不同的作用,叶绿体β-淀粉酶在叶绿体淀粉降解过程中起着关键作用。利用橡胶树的转录组和基因组数据库,通过RT-PCR的方法获得一个橡胶树BAM基因,命名为HbBAM1。利用实时荧光定量PCR分析其在叶片中的表达模式,通过原核表达获得其重组蛋白,并分析其酶活性特点。同源性分析和亚细胞预测分析结果表明,HbBAM1定位于叶绿体中;HbBAM1原核表达产物的最适酶活性温度是35℃,其酶活性受到氧化型谷胱甘肽和双氧水等氧化剂的抑制。HbBAM1基因主要在橡胶树的花和叶片中表达;HbBAM1基因随着叶片的发育进程表达量逐渐增加,在淡绿期和稳定期叶片中表达量最大;HbBAM1基因在成熟叶片中的表达呈现明显的昼夜差异,在光合作用最强的上午10:00和下午16:00的表达量最大,晚上的表达量最低。上述结果表明,HbBAM1可能参与橡胶树叶片叶绿体内淀粉的降解,控制叶片气孔的开放与关闭,从而调控橡胶树叶片的光合作用。      

Structural and physiological responses of the C4 grass Sorghum bicolor to nitrogen limitation

Nitrogen (N) is one of the major nutrients influencing photosynthesis and productivity of C₄ plants as well as C₃ plants. C₄ photosynthesis operates through close coordination between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. However, how the development of structural and physiological traits in leaves of C₄ plants is regulated under N limitation remains uncertain. We investigated structural and physiological responses of leaves of the NADP-ME-type C₄ grass Sorghum bicolor to N limitation. Plants were grown under four levels of N supply (.05 to .6 g N per 5-L pot). Decreasing N supply resulted in decreases in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf N and chlorophyll contents, and the activity ratio of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and increases in δ¹³C values and photosynthetic N use efficiency. Low-N leaves were thinner and had smaller photosynthetic cells, especially in M, resulting in lower M/BS tissue area ratio, and contained smaller and fewer chloroplasts. The BS chloroplasts in the low-N leaves accumulated abundant starch grains. The number of thylakoids per granal stack was reduced in M chloroplasts but not in BS chloroplasts. The low-N leaves had thicker cell walls, especially in the BS cells, which might be associated with less negative δ¹³C values, and fewer plasmodesmata in the BS cells. These data reveal structural and physiological responses of C₄ plants to N limitation, most of which would be related to cellular N allocation, light use, CO₂ diffusion and leakiness, and metabolite transport under N limitation.     

Effects of Adding Protein Peptide to Diets on Growth Performance and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Growing Pigs

The experiment was aimed to study the effects of protein peptide with different pepsin digestibility in vitro (A80,A90) on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility of growing pigs. Experiment 1:300 growing pigs of Duroc pig×Landrace pig×Yorkshire pig were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 repeats pre group and 15 pigs per repeat. The pig of group Ⅰ was fed with basal diet,that of groups Ⅱ to Ⅴ were fed with basal diet with 1%,2%,3%,4% A80 supplement,respectively. The experiment period lasted for 30 d. Experiment 2:240 growing pigs of Duroc pig×Landrace pig×Yorkshire pig were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 repeats pre group and 15 pigs per repeat. The pig of group Ⅰ was fed with basal diet,that of groups Ⅱ to Ⅳ were fed with basal diet with 1%,2%,3% A90 supplement,respectively. The experiment period lasted for 30 d. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG),average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) had no significant difference among all groups (P>0.05) in experiment 1. But the ADG had a tendency to reduce with the increase of A80. The DM,CP apparent digestibility of group Ⅱ was significant higher than that of groups Ⅰ,Ⅲ and Ⅴ (P<0.05),and had no significant difference with group Ⅳ(P>0.05). Digestibility of Ca and P showed a tendency to improve with the increase of A80,but there was no regularity. Experiment 2:With the increase does of A90,ADG was increased firstly and then decreased. The ADG of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P<0.05),and had no significant difference with other groups (P>0.05).The ADFI of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05).DM and CP apparent digestibility showed a tendency to decline with the increase dose of A90.In conclusion,A80 had no significant improvement on growth performance and A90 showed a quadratic improvement to pig's growth performance and the best addition percentage of protein hydrolysate in diet was 2% to 3%.     

牛血红蛋白源抗菌肽P3及其类似肽的生物信息学分析

为研究牛血红蛋白源抗菌肽P3及其类似肽（JH-0、JH-1、JH-2、JH-3）的生物学功能,本研究利用在线软件分析了抗菌肽P3及其类似肽的生物信息学特性,发现这5个抗菌肽均带正电荷,等电点均大于8.00,均为疏水蛋白,定位于细胞外,不含有跨膜区、信号肽序列和糖基化位点,P3和JH-2的二级结构为α-螺旋+β-折叠,JH-3为100%的α-螺旋,JH-0和JH-1为无规则卷曲结构,P3、JH-2和JH-3在第13位氨基酸即苏氨酸（Thr,T）有一个糖基化位点。根据分析结果推测抗菌肽P3及其类似肽可作用于细胞壁或细胞膜,从而使菌体死亡。     

荷包猪SLA-1重链四聚体前体链的构建及表达研究

试验旨在构建荷包猪猪白细胞抗原1（swine lymphocyte antigen 1,SLA-1）重链四聚体前体链并研究其在表达载体pET-21a（+）中蛋白的表达情况。以SLA-1全基因序列为模板,结合表达载体的特点设计引物,利用PCR扩增技术在SLA-1-HB01胞外区序列C-末端加载上可生物素酰化序列（BirA substrate peptide,BSP）。将PCR扩增产物SLA-1-HB01-BSP克隆到pEASY T1载体上,筛选出阳性克隆菌SLA-1-HB01-BSP/pEASY T1,经双酶切后进一步与表达载体pET-21a（+）连接,再转化到E.coli BL21感受态细胞中构建pET-21a（+）/SLA-1-HB01-BSP重组表达菌,通过IPTG诱导蛋白表达,SDS-PAGE检测蛋白的大小及表达情况,提取包涵体检测蛋白的纯度。PCR扩增结果显示,SLA-1-HB01-BSP大小为898 bp,与理论值相符,扩增片段成功克隆至pEASY T1载体构建克隆菌,经Nde Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切筛选及测序,成功获得阳性克隆菌株SLA-1-HB01-BSP/pEASY T1,插入的目的基因片段大小为876 bp。阳性克隆菌株与pET-21a（+）表达载体经Nde Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切后进行连接,转化E coli BL21感受态细胞后获得pET-21a（+）/SLA-1-HB01-BSP重组表达菌,经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白大小为31.4 ku。进一步检测分析发现,目的蛋白以包涵体形式存在,且蛋白纯度达到80%以上。本研究成功构建了荷包猪SLA-1-HB01重链四聚体前体链的pET-21a（+）重组表达体系,为下一步进行猪SLA Ⅰ类分子四聚体的检测奠定基础。     

基于SCoT标记的陕西茶树种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了明确陕西省本地群体种茶树种质资源的遗传多样性,为茶树育种提供依据。采用正交设计和单因素分析方法,对茶树SCoT-PCR体系进行优化。结果表明:20μL最佳反应体系为Mg2+2.5mmol/L,Taq酶0.75U,引物0.7μmol/L,dNTPs 0.25mmol/L,模板DNA 30ng。利用该体系对22份陕南茶树地方品种材料进行分析,扩增条带多且清晰,22条引物共检测出241个等位位点,其中多态性位点228个,多态性比率为94.6%,位点的PIC值为0.57~0.92。供试材料之间的遗传相似系数为0.58~0.89,平均值达到0.72。基于SCoT标记的聚类与茶树叶片形态有很大的相关性。研究表明茶树SCoT体系结果稳定,重复性好,为后续研究茶树资源遗传多样性提供技术支撑。     

体育强国建设背景下农村体育文化宣传模式建构

针对我国农村社会经济发展与人口流变情况、农村体育文化发展特征及村落分布特点,指出发展农村体育需优先建立良好的农村体育运动环境,发挥体育文化宣传的驱动力,开展以“体育文化宣传月”等为主题的大型宣传与体验活动,推动农村体育电子信息化建设,契合国家精准扶贫政策,鼓励高校中体育类的学生志愿者及体育社会组织前往农村发展委员会进行宣传与普及体育文化知识,地方政府也可利用节假日农村“外流人口”的返乡带来新的一波“回流”热潮,组织开展一定范围的体育活动与交流,探寻出适合农村居民体育锻炼的模式。