Effects of coated hatching eggs obtained from old broiler breeders with chitosan on embryonic growth,hatching results and chick quality

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of coating broiler hatching eggs with chitosan on egg quality, embryonic growth, hatching results and chick quality. Eggs obtained from old broiler breeder, aged 59 weeks, were used. Eggs were divided into two groups (coated with chitosan and uncoated) groups. Each group was divided into three groups according to the storage period. Eggs were stored for periods of 1, 4 and 7 days at 15°C and 80% humidity. Then, they were incubated. Storage period of eggs up to 7 days did not affect the egg quality, egg weight loss, embryo growth, chick properties and hatchability of fertile eggs. However, embryo development, relative residual yolk sac weight and relative chick weight were affected by coating eggs with chitosan. Interaction was not found between storage lengths and coating of eggs with chitosan for all examined parameters. The results of the present study suggested that hatching eggs obtained from old broiler breeder flocks were immersed into chitosan solution once and quickly have negative effect on the embryo weight, yolk sac absorption and relative chick weight. It has been observed that covering the hatching eggs with chitosan is not suitable in this respect even if immersion takes place once and in a short time.     

Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea growth and suppression of botrytis bunch rot in grapes using chitosan

Chitosan inhibited growth of Botrytis cinerea in liquid culture and suppressed grey mould on detached grapevine leaves and bunch rot in commercial winegrapes. Germination of B. cinerea was completely inhibited in malt extract broth containing chitosan at concentrations greater than 0·125 g L^?1. However, treated conidia were able to infect detached Chardonnay leaves and pathogenicity was not affected, even after incubation for 24 h in chitosan at 10 g L^?1. When added after conidial germination, chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth and induced morphological changes suggestive of possible curative activity. The effective concentration of chitosan that reduced mycelial growth by 50% (EC₅₀) was 0·06 g L^?1. As a foliar treatment, chitosan protected detached Chardonnay leaves against B. cinerea and reduced lesion diameter by up to 85% compared with untreated controls. Peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activities were also induced in treated leaves. In vineyard studies, Chardonnay winegrapes exhibited 7·4% botrytis bunch rot severity at harvest in 2007 after treatment with an integrated programme that included chitosan sprays from bunch closure until 2 weeks preharvest, compared with 15·5% in untreated controls and 5·9% with fungicide treatment. In the following season, botrytis bunch rot severity was 44% in untreated Chardonnay at harvest and the integrated programme (21%) was less effective than fungicides (13·8%). However, in Sauvignon blanc winegrapes, the integrated and the fungicide programme each reduced botrytis bunch rot severity to 4% and were significantly different from the untreated control (11·5%). This study provides evidence that suppression of botrytis in winegrapes by chitosan involves direct and indirect modes of action.     

核果类果树根癌病的药物治疗——(Ⅰ)室内效果评价

采用碧康和壳寡糖柠檬酸盐愈伤剂2种药物的2个浓度和完全随机设计,于2007~2009年在室内开展罹患根癌病的毛桃实生苗和扦插苗的治疗试验,从苗木生长性状、存活率、根癌病复发率以及复发时间等方面对治疗效果进行了评价。结果表明:药物处理未能显著降低根瘤的整体复发率,所有处理与感病对照的复发率均达到80%以上;药物处理极显著地延缓根瘤症状的复发时间,对照感病毛桃症状的平均复发时间为31.8 d,碧康和壳寡糖柠檬酸盐愈伤剂水剂处理的平均复发时间达到70 d以上,其中碧康100倍处理的复发时间平均达107 d;药物处理亦极显著抑制了砧木根瘤的复发,感病砧木对照的平均复发时间为30.6 d,碧康50倍和壳寡糖柠檬酸盐愈伤剂水剂100倍、200倍处理的平均复发时间达到70 d以上,保证了苗木在生长季内的正常生长;但药物处理显著提高苗木的存活率,且经药物处理后的大部分苗木与健康对照苗木的生长量差异不显著,均显著高于感病对照。因此,核果类果树罹患根癌病早期采用适当的药物和适当的方法进行治疗是可行的。     

壳聚糖液膜处理对板栗贮藏效果的影响

以河南确山板栗为试验材料,研究在(-1±1)℃条件下,壳聚糖涂膜处理对板栗贮藏效果的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖处理能降低板栗的呼吸强度,抑制淀粉水解,抑制POD、CAT活性下降,抑制PPO活性升高。综合分析表明,以1.5%壳聚糖处理效果最好。     

壳聚糖对油茶炭疽病菌的抑制作用

研究了2种不同壳聚糖(水溶性壳聚糖CS1、酸溶性壳聚糖CS2)对油茶炭疽病菌的抑制作用.结果表明:这2种壳聚糖均对油茶炭疽病菌有明显的抑制作用,且随壳聚糖浓度的增大而抑菌活性增强;在pH 5.3~6.0环境中抑菌效果最优,最佳酸溶剂为酒石酸和醋酸;2.50 mg.mL-1CS1 1%HA c对油茶炭疽病菌抑制率为71.6%,抑制作用几乎与500倍甲基托布津等效.壳聚糖是甲壳素脱去乙酰基的产物,无毒无害,可生物降解,又具有较强抑菌作用,可望开发为一种新型的环保农药.     

Screening of properties of modified chitosan-treated wood

Abstract

Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin in crustacean shells. Over the past decade it has been studied as an environmentally benign wood-protecting agent. It is assumed to act as a fungi-stat against a wide range of fungi and even as a fungicide at higher concentrations. This study investigated the properties of wood treated with modified chitosan of different molecular weights. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) samples were impregnated with two chitosan solutions differing in their average molecular weights. The chitosan solutions were depolymerized by nitrous acid to one solution of high molecular weight and one solution of low molecular weight with a concentration of 5% (w/v). The results show changes in sorption properties, antifungal properties, fire-retardant properties and mechanical properties of modified chitosan-treated wood. Heat-modified, chitosan-treated wood showed similar properties to chitosan-treated wood, except for brownish coloration, enhanced hydrophobation, and slightly reduced antifungal and fire-retardant properties. The modulus of rupture and hardness showed little or no change. The modulus of elasticity of the heat-modified, chitosan-treated wood increased by 27% compared with untreated wood.     

壳聚糖单凝聚法制备超细胶囊研究

阐述单凝聚法制备胶囊机理、一般工艺过程,并采用天然高分子物质壳聚糖为壁材,维生素E(VE)为芯材,通过单凝聚法制备胶囊,最佳条件为芯壁比1∶1,乳化时间30 min,乳化搅拌速度7 500～9 000 r/min,乳化剂MMAS用量6.0 %,固化剂用量为壁材的2倍,低温固化60 min.胶囊为球体,体系分相明显,其粒度0.10～3.00 μm,且粒度比较均匀、分布范围窄,具有较好的耐热强度、稳定性和分散性.     

壳聚糖在重金属处理中的应用研究进展

指出了重金属污染已经成为社会热点问题,特别是Cd2＋、Pb2＋的污染,对自然和人类都存在极大危害,因此如何有效快速去除水中的重金属离子是水处理过程中面临的重要问题。综合评述和归纳了黄粉虫中壳聚糖的结构性质、应用前景,介绍了壳聚糖在生产和研究中的一些应用。研究表明：壳聚糖是线性的高分子聚合物,由于游离氨基的存在,其反应活性要比原先的甲壳素强得多,可生成多种衍生物,并且它具有良好的成膜性和吸湿性及较好的鳌合性和吸附性,探讨了其在水处理中重金属的去除等方面的应用,并进一步分析了吸附机理以及交联剂对壳聚糖膜性能的影响。     

高分子量壳聚糖及其混剂对货架期葡萄的保鲜效果

以新鲜巨峰葡萄为试材,分析了浓度为10 g/L的4种高分子量壳聚糖(相对分子量50、150、250、500 kDa)及其等比例混剂涂膜处理对货架期葡萄的保鲜效果。结果表明:5种壳聚糖涂膜处理在感官指标、可溶性固形物含量、VC含量、呼吸强度、可滴定酸含量、花青素含量等方面均不同程度地有利于葡萄的保鲜,其中4种高分子量壳聚糖等比例混剂涂膜的效果最佳;货架期第9天与第1天相比,5种壳聚糖涂膜处理的可溶性固形物含量下降率为19.7%~31.6%,对照为38.2%,混剂处理组的下降率与其他试验组存在极显著差异(P<0.01);呼吸强度下降率为58%~85%,对照为30%,混剂处理组与其他试验组存在极显著差异(P<0.01);VC含量下降率为38.5%~65.5%,对照为71.9%,混剂处理组与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05);由上可知,4种高分子量壳聚糖等比例混剂涂膜处理可显著延缓葡萄衰老和品质的下降,对巨峰葡萄的保鲜效果明显优于单一壳聚糖涂膜处理的保鲜效果。