Can Non-fumigant Nematicides Be an Alternative to Fumigation on Carrot Fields?

ABSTRACT

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) cause enormous yield reductions in vegetable crops. While nematicides are the most effective method for controlling RKN in carrot (Dacatus carota), the efficacy of non-fumigant nematicides, compared to fumigants, is still not fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1,3-dichloropropene, a fumigant nematicide, and fluensulfone, a non-fumigant nematicide, on RKN control and yield of fresh market and processing carrot. Field experiments were conducted in a commercial farm in Lenox, GA. A randomized complete block design (r = 4) was used in a factorial arrangement of 3 nematicide treatments and 2 carrot cultivars. Nematicide treatments were the application of 1,3-dichloropropene, fluensulfone, and untreated control. Carrot cultivars were Baltimore (fresh marketing) and Belgrado (processing). In general, RKN population was low early season, averaging 0.8 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil. RKN populations increased with crop development and there were significant differences among nematicide treatments. At harvest, RKN populations were lower for fluensulfone (1.1 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil) and 1,3-dichloropropene (3.2 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil) compared to Control (26.4 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil); however, fluensulfone (91,278 kg ha^?1) had higher yield than 1,3-dichloropropene (64,154 kg ha^?1) and Control (61,908 kg ha^?1). Carrot cultivars were similar for RKN population and yield. Overall, the non-fumigant nematicide was more beneficial for carrot production than the fumigant nematicide.     

Sampling Survey and Identification of Races of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in Huang-Huai Valleys

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.     

四川省柑桔四种病原线虫的记述

本文记述了四川省柑桔四种根系病原线虫的形态特征、寄主被害症状及其分布,其中Tylenchoulus semipenetrans是四川省柑桔产区普遍发生的一种半内寄生线虫;Belonolaimus longicaudatus是外寄生线虫,系目前国内首次发现;Xiphi nema americanum也是外寄生线虫,为传播病毒的媒介,其分布范围仅次于T. semipenetrans,Melo idogyne arenaria;后者为内寄生线虫,在广东省已有记载。     

大豆孢囊线虫病研究进展及其抗病育种展望

综述了国内外大豆孢囊线虫的分布与危害、寄主范围、抗源筛选与利用、生化抗性机制;论述了研究该病的意义。在综述了抗病育种进展的同时,也指出了抗病育种中存在的问题;指出注意综合农艺性状改进,合理组配杂交,加强抗性鉴定,注重抗病性持久性等问题;还提出了深化抗病分子研究,开展基因转移和分子辅助育种等抗病育种工作的建议。     

水稻潜根线虫的生物学特性及田间发生消长动态研究

对水稻潜根线虫的形态特征.侵染循环及对温、湿度的适应性等有关生物学特征,进行了描述调查结果证实.该虫在湖南省稻区广泛发生.田间发生消长动态曲线表明.湖南省稻根带虫量全年在田间出现3次高峰.     

中国大豆遗传资源对大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种的抗性鉴定研究

 大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种在我国主要为害黄淮海夏大豆。1986-1990年，鉴定了中国各地8240份大豆遗传资源对该小种的抗性，未发现免疫材料，筛选出9个抗病品种，占供试材料的0.1%。它们来自河北、山西和陕西省，均为小黑豆。其中兴县灰皮支黑豆还兼抗1、3和5号小种，抗性强而稳定，是国内外不多见的抗多个小种的优异资源。     

茉莉花上的一种外寄生根线虫

调查江苏南京、苏州和扬州市郊盆栽茉莉花根际土样66份,矮化线虫的出现机率分别为86%,87%和100%。5～10年生,植株衰退,长势差的茉莉花,每100ml 湿土样中的虫量一般在1000条以上。根据该线虫的主要形态特征和测计数据,鉴定为 Tylenchorhynchus leviterminalis Siddiqi,Mukherjee etDasqupta,1982。用分离到的这种线虫,在水洋菜平板上接种扦插苗根部,结果表明,该线虫是茉莉花上的一种迁移性外寄生根线虫。     

从3种基质分离的木霉种类鉴定

从福建省的食用菌、植物线虫虫体和植物根际土壤中共分离到125个木霉(Trichoderma)菌株,根据形态学特征和培养性状,鉴定出5种木霉,分别是哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)和长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum).植物根际土壤中的优势种为哈茨木霉和绿色木霉;食用菌上的优势种为康氏木霉和拟康氏木霉;植物线虫虫体上的优势种为绿色木霉.     

用松枝解剖法快速检测松材线虫病原

松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus早期诊断是防治松材线虫病的重要环节.为了在早期快速测定寄主(松树)体内的病原线虫,开发了便携式显微镜和松枝解剖技术.用修枝剪采集松枝,用解剖刀进行松枝切片,再用便携式显微镜镜检,结果显示松枝内松材线虫检出率为70%,其中濒死松树内检出率为100%,局部枯枝内检出率为60%,健康枝内检出率为0.野外松林内鉴定一个样本平均用时2.5 min.使携式显微镜加枝条解剖法能对松材线虫病实施早期快速诊断.表3参25     

甜瓜属野生种及其与黄瓜种间杂交后代抗根结线虫初步研究

为了鉴定甜瓜属野生种酸黄瓜 (CucumishystrixChakr.)对南方根结线虫 [Meloidogyneincognit(Kofoid&White)Chit wood]的抗性 ,进而评估抗性向酸黄瓜与栽培黄瓜种间杂种的转移 ,选用了酸黄瓜、 4个栽培黄瓜材料、两种倍性水平的 3个正反交杂种F1和 1个回交后代作为试材 ,在温室中进行抗性鉴定和筛选。结果表明 ,酸黄瓜对南方根结线虫具有高度抗性 ,而 4个栽培黄瓜材料均为高度敏感。酸黄瓜平均每株根系形成约 3个根结 ,栽培黄瓜材料每株根系的根结数超过 10 0个。酸黄瓜通过与栽培黄瓜的正反交 ,其抗性已被部分转移到杂种之中。当杂种作为供体亲本与栽培黄瓜进行回交时 ,抗性又被进一步转移到回交一代 (BCF1)中