Lignin and carbohydrates in soils under secondary forest,alley-cropping,and continuous farming,Thailand

This study was designed to investigate the impact of three land-use practices in Thailand on soil organic matter (SOM) composition. The land uses were continuous farming (till), alley-cropping, and secondary forest. Samples, taken from the top 10 cm soil surface, were fractionated into clay- (< 2 μm), silt- (2–20 μm), and sand-sized particles (20–2000 μm) prior to analyses of C, N, lignin-derived phenols and individual carbohydrates. As particle size increased, the C/N ratio and the concentration of lignin-derived phenols increased, whereas the degree of lignin oxidation as well as ratios of microbially derived hexoses to plant-derived pentoses decreased. Thus, the coarser the particle size, the less the SOM was altered by microbes. Seven years of alley-cropping increased SOM levels only little but considerably affected SOM composition by affecting the SOM of the sand fraction. The SOM concentration in the sand fraction increased in the order continuous farming < alley-cropping < secondary forest. In the same order, microbial alteration of lignin and carbohydrates of sand-sized SOM decreased. Both the different concentrations of SOM in the sand fractions as well as its different composition contributed, therefore, to different SOM among the sites. Increasing lignin-to-carbohydrate ratios for bulk soils and fractions in the order continuous farming < alley-cropping < secondary forest reflected such changes in SOM composition sensitively.     

Evaluation of carbohydrate/lipid ratios on growth and metabolic response in tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) juvenile

Five experimental diets with different carbohydrates/lipid ratio (CHO:L, 0.75, 1.28, 2.10, 2.52, 4.63) were formulated. Fish were randomly assigned by triplicate (10 fish per tank, 0.50 ± 0.01 g). Growth was registered every 15 days until end of the experiment (45 days). Samples were taken for analysis of chemical carcass composition, blood chemistry, glycogen and lipid liver content, digestive and metabolic enzyme activities. Results showed that survival, growth performance parameters and plasma glucose were not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). Lipids of carcass and liver, as well as triglycerides and plasma cholesterol increase significantly as CHO:L ratio decreased. While an inversely proportional tendency was observed for carcass protein and liver glycogen (p < 0.05). Digestive enzymes did not show significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Finally, Hexokinase (HK), glucokinase (GK), phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and fructose‐1,6‐biphosphase (FBPase) showed high regulation by carbohydrates up to the CHO:L ratio of 2.10 (p < 0.05), while pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was not significantly affected by the CHO:L ratio. By the other side, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) tends to significantly increase as the CHO:L ratio increases. We conclude that A. tropicus fry have a high capacity to utilize carbohydrates substituting lipids as energy source in balanced diets.     

云南松幼苗非结构性碳水化合物对干旱胁迫的响应及其激素调控

【目的】探究云南松幼苗非结构性碳水化合物和内源激素对干旱胁迫的响应规律及其调控机制。【方法】以2年生云南松幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽称重控水法,将土壤相对含水量分别控制在田间最大持水量的75%～85%（CK）、60%～70%（轻度干旱）、45%～55%（中度干旱）和30%～40%（重度干旱）,研究不同干旱胁迫处理下云南松幼苗针叶非结构性碳水化合物（可溶性糖和淀粉）含量、内源激素（脱落酸ABA、生长素IAA、赤霉素GA和玉米素核苷ZR）含量的变化情况以及二者的相关关系。【结果】① 随干旱程度的加重,云南松幼苗针叶可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,淀粉含量先升高后降低,可溶性糖/淀粉比值先降低后升高,淀粉分配比例先增后减,可溶性糖分配比例先减后增。② 各干旱胁迫处理云南松幼苗针叶ABA含量较CK显著升高,而ZR、GA及IAA含量随干旱胁迫加重均呈下降趋势,IAA/ABA、GA/ABA和ZR/ABA比值较CK显著下降。③ 云南松幼苗针叶可溶性糖含量与ABA含量呈正相关关系,与IAA、GA、ZR含量均呈负相关关系,其中与IAA含量呈显著相关（R²=0.423 0,P＜0.05）;针叶淀粉含量与ABA、IAA、GA、ZR含量均呈正相关关系,其中与GA含量呈显著相关（R²=0.392 4,P＜0.05）;针叶可溶性糖和淀粉含量与IAA/ABA、GA/ABA、ZR/ABA比值均呈负相关关系,其中可溶性糖含量与IAA/ABA比值显著相关（R²=0.394 3,P＜0.05）。【结论】云南松幼苗可通过调整体内可溶性糖和淀粉的相互转化与分配,同时通过积累抑制生长的ABA和降低促进生长的GA、IAA、ZR,进而调整针叶IAA/ABA、GA/ABA和ZR/ABA比值来适应干旱环境。     

多酚与膳食成分的相互作用及应用研究进展

多酚具有多种生物活性,但由于其稳定性差,限制了应用。综述了多酚与膳食成分通过非共价和/或共价相互作用形成的二元和三元体系, 包括膳食成分对酚类物质稳定性和生物利用度的影响,以及膳食成分的理化性质和功能性质等方面的变化, 并总结了近年来多酚-膳食成分复合物在递送系统、乳液、包装材料和食品保鲜加工方面的应用,以期为多酚膳食化合物的设计与应用提供参考。     

Recent advances in European sea bass and gilthead sea bream nutrition

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata) are amongst the most important finfish speciescultured in the Mediterranean region. Production of these species isnowadays a well-controlled process, but knowledge of their nutritionalrequirements is still very limited. Nevertheless, a considerable amountof data has been accumulated in recent years, and the purpose of thispaper is to review the recent advances on the nutritional requirementsof sea bass and sea bream. The optimum protein to energy ratio of thediets of sea bass and sea bream seem to be higher than for salmonids,and there is some evidence that high dietary lipid levels have nobeneficial effects on fish performances. Although the essential aminoacid requirements were estimated by the ideal protein method, data basedon the dose-response method is only available for a few amino acids.Essential fatty acid requirements were estimated for sea bream juvenilesbut data is lacking for sea bass. Vitamin and mineral requirements ofthese species are practically unknown. Although the importance ofbroodstock nutrition on gonadal development, spawning and egg quality isrecognized, few studies were done to elucidate these aspects. The recentdevelopment of microparticulate diets for larvae will contribute to theaccurate evaluation of their nutritional requirements.     

Fibre analysis and fibre digestibility in pet foods--a comparison of total dietary fibre, neutral and acid detergent fibre and crude fibre

Six dry dog foods and six dry cat foods with different carbohydrate sources were investigated in digestion trials. Food and faecal samples were analysed for CF, TDF and starch. In dogs, also neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) and acid detergent fibre (ADFom) were analysed. N-free extract (NfE) was calculated for CF, and similarly for all other fibre analyses. Linear regressions were calculated between fibre intake and faecal fibre excretion. True digestibility was calculated from the regression coefficients [true digestibility in % = (1 - regression coefficient)*100], with the intercept of the equation representing excretion of material of non-food origin. Crude fibre analyses gave the lowest values, and TDF the highest, while ADFom and aNDFom were in between. Variation between diets was lowest in CF and highest in TDF. Total dietary fibre, aNDFom and ADFom in food were positively correlated. Crude fibre in food did not correlate with any other method. The NfE analogue for TDF was closest to the starch content. Methods of fibre analyses in faeces did not agree very well with each other. Crude fibre had the lowest apparent digestibility, followed by ADFom, TDF and aNDFom. For all fibre analyses, there was a significant correlation between fibre intake and faecal fibre excretion. True digestibility was close to zero for CF, with a high uniformity in both species. In dogs, true digestibility of aNDFom was 53%, of ADFom 26% and of TDF 37%; in cats, true digestibility of TDF was 31%. Except for CF, the intercept of the regression equations suggest that faecal excretion of some material of non-food origin is analysed as fibre. A combination of TDF and CF analyses might give good information on the content of total (TDF), unfermentable (CF) and partially fermentable fibre (TDF-CF) in pet foods.     

末次刈割时间和低温处理对苜蓿根颈抗寒性的影响

【目的】探究科尔沁沙地生境中不同末次刈割时间紫花苜蓿抗寒性及其与低温胁迫下糖类物质含量变化的关系,为科尔沁沙地苜蓿抗寒越冬提供理论依据和技术指导。【方法】以公农1号紫花苜蓿为材料,于2020年8月25日-11月5日进行不同末次刈割时间处理,每处理间隔10 d,以未刈割为对照;于封冻前期（11月15日）挖取不同处理苜蓿越冬器官(根颈)分别进行-10,-15,-20,-25,-30 ℃低温冷冻处理,以4 ℃处理为对照,测定各处理紫花苜蓿根颈的相对电导率及可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和淀粉含量,利用相对电导率根据logistic回归方程计算苜蓿的半致死温度,并对半致死温度与糖类物质含量进行相关性分析。【结果】未刈割和8月25日、9月5日、9月15日、9月25日、10月5日、10月15日、10月25日及11月5日末次刈割处理苜蓿的半致死温度分别为-18.03,-17.61,-17.03,-16.59,-15.80,-15.82,-16.83,-16.34和-17.12 ℃,表明在科尔沁沙地生境下不同末次刈割时间苜蓿的抗寒性表现为：未刈割＞8月25日刈割＞11月5日刈割＞9月5日刈割＞10月15日刈割＞9月15日刈割＞10月25日刈割＞10月5日刈割＞9月25日刈割;随着处理温度的降低,苜蓿根颈可溶性糖含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,蔗糖含量变化因刈割时间不同表现有别,果糖含量呈增加-降低-增加的双峰型变化趋势,淀粉含量呈逐渐降低的变化趋势;紫花苜蓿根颈的半致死温度与-10,-20,-30 ℃下的可溶性糖含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与-15和-20 ℃下的蔗糖含量呈显著或极显著负相关（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,与-15 ℃下果糖含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与-15和-20 ℃下淀粉含量呈极显著正相关。【结论】末次刈割时间可调控苜蓿根颈淀粉向可溶性糖的转化,进而通过蔗糖和果糖等可溶性糖协同作用来维持细胞的渗透压,进而提高苜蓿的抗寒性。     

橡胶树树皮和木质部淀粉和可溶性糖含量测定

提出一种橡胶树树皮和木质部非结构性碳水化合物含量测定方法。取样测定范围为10~200 mg,利用80%乙醇浸提提取可溶性糖,硫酸蒽酮法测定可溶性糖含量,硝酸钙法提取淀粉,I2-KI法测定淀粉含量。本方法优点是:取样量小,对胶树伤害小,取样过程简单,测定结果准确。     

青海云杉休眠前后非结构性碳水化合物含量随海拔变化

[目的]冬季低温是决定高山林线树种能否生存的重要生态因素。休眠前后树木体内碳水化合物的变化能够反映出其安全越冬的策略。但目前高山林线树种休眠前后体内碳水化合物的变化及机理尚不清楚。为了探讨林线树种越冬期间的生存策略,[方法]本文以祁连山林线青海云杉为对象,研究了不同海拔(2 900、3 000、3 100、3 200、3 300 m)成年树枝、叶休眠前后非结构性碳水化合物含量变化,包括可溶性糖(葡萄糖和果糖)、淀粉以及糖/淀粉比值的变化。[结果]表明:(1)休眠前青海云杉当年及1年生叶在高海拔处NSC含量高于中、低海拔处NSC含量,而在枝条中高、中、低海拔间没有显著差异。(2)休眠后叶中NSC含量最高值在中海拔3 100 m处,显著高于高海拔;不同组织中NSC含量高于休眠前,叶片中尤为明显。(3)与休眠前相比,休眠后可溶性糖及淀粉含量增加,淀粉含量增加幅度显著,引起可溶性糖/淀粉比值降低。[结论]青海云杉休眠前贮存足够的碳水化合物保证越冬期间的细胞渗透调节及能量代谢,并且休眠后气温升高时叶片和枝条的NSC能够得到迅速补充,为新枝条萌发提供充足的碳源,反映了青海云杉在越冬期间的生存策略。     

How potassium deficiency alters flower bud retention on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Potassium (K) is fundamental for plant growth and development but despite the increased quantities of fertilizers applied, incidents of K deficiency are commonly observed. The objective of this study was to record the effects of K deficiency during cotton’s (Gossypium hirsutum L.) early reproductive stage on carbohydrate content and metabolism, total antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage of cotton flower buds as well as the physiology of the leaf, subtending to the flower buds. Growth chamber experiments were conducted using cotton cultivar DP0912 and treatments consisted of normal K and deficient K fertilization for the duration of the experiment. Potassium deficiency resulted in significant oxidative damage in the cotton flower buds, despite the substantial increase in their total antioxidant capacity. Sucrose metabolism of the flower buds was markedly affected resulting in significant reductions in all non-structural carbohydrate concentrations. Furthermore, K deficiency disturbed leaf physiology leading to increased membrane damage, decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid content and ultimately leaf photosynthetic rates. Concomitant increases in specific leaf weight under K deficient conditions indicated reductions in photoassimilate translocation, which in conjunction with the disruptions observed in flower bud sucrose metabolism, due to the insufficient antioxidant response, resulted in significant decreases in flower bud retention.