数码技术在水培植物根系动态监测中的应用

介绍了以应用数码相机为特色的根系图像信息监测系统(简称根系照相法).该系统由数码相机、电子计算机、图像处理软件和根系培养装置4部分组成,通过定点、连续拍照获得根系的图像信息,由图像处理软件测定相关参数,从而实现根系研究的信息化、可视化、动态无损监测的目的.该系统的测定误差不超过3%.对苏柳172(Salix×jiangsuense cv.'J172')水培条件下根系盐胁迫响应的实证研究表明,应用该方法能够实现上述研究目的,获得根系生长的动态信息.与CI-600根系监测系统相比,该研究法具有:技术简单、操作方便;一机多用,组装灵活;视窗开阔,可视性强;成本低廉;应用范围广等优点,但要测定根系生物量、根密度等参数,尚需与根钻法、挖掘法结合使用.     

单一平面电容传感器数学模型的数值解法

单一平面电容传感器是用来测量木材含水率的高精度仪器,属于具有任意结构形状的电容传 感器的特例。为研究单一平面传感器数学模型的数值解法,以一种设定了具体尺寸的单一平面电容传感器为例,利用数值分析的一个数值方法——差分离散格式,对笔者前期建立 的任意结构形状的电容传感器的偏微分方程数学模型构造了便于计算和研究的离散近似模型。利用该近似模型对单一平面电容传感器的工作状况进行分析,得到了木材介电常数与传感器电容值的关系。      

Laser rangefinder-based measuring of crop biomass under field conditions

Knowledge of site-specific crop parameters such as plant height, coverage and biomass density is important for optimising crop management and harvesting processes. Sensors for measuring crop parameters are essential pre-requisites to gather this information. In recent years, laser rangefinder sensors have been adopted in many industrial applications. In agricultural engineering, the potential of laser rangefinders for measuring crop parameters has been little exploited. This paper reports the design and the performance of a measuring system based on a triangulation and a time-of-flight laser rangefinder for estimating crop biomass density in representative crops under field conditions. It was shown that the mean height of reflection point is a suitable parameter for non-contact indirect measurement of crop biomass by laser rangefinder sensors. The main parameters for potential assessment were the coefficient of determination (R ² ) and the standard error (RMSE) for the relation between crop biomass density and the mean height of the reflection point in crop stands from oilseed rape, winter rye, winter wheat and grassland during the vegetation period in 2006. For the triangulation sensor, R ² was in the range from 0.87 to 0.98 and for the time-of-flight sensor in the range from 0.75 to 0.99 for both fresh matter and dry matter density. The triangulation sensor had a reduced suitability caused by masking effects of the reflected beam and because of limited measuring range. Based on the results of experiments and technical data, it was concluded that the time-of-flight principle has good potential for site-specific crop management.     

基于TRIZ理论的种子玉米剥皮机构设计与试验

与大田玉米剥皮作业相比,种子玉米剥皮对苞叶剥净率、籽粒破碎率和落粒率具有较高的农艺要求。针对种子玉米缺乏高效低损的剥皮手段问题,采用TRIZ理论联合显式动力学仿真与高速摄像技术开展了种子玉米剥皮机构设计方法研究。首先,基于TRIZ理论解决了种子玉米剥皮机构关键结构设计问题,并完成了剥皮机构的详细设计;其次,利用LS-DYNA进行了剥皮系统-种子玉米果穗的显式动力学仿真,分析种子玉米果穗运动过程及受力情况,验证了剥皮机构设计的合理性;搭建了高速摄像试验台,通过对种子玉米剥皮过程高速摄像的逐帧分析,并与仿真结果相比,得出3种工况下速度最大误差分别为0.035、0.066、0.095m/s,验证了剥皮辊分段设计的合理性;最后选择苞叶剥净率、籽粒破碎率及落粒率为性能指标开展了种子玉米剥皮试验,在3种工况下,试验结果满足种子玉米剥皮机构的性能指标要求。     

基于光电传感技术的薄层水流流速测量系统构建与试验

为减小染色法测量坡面水流流速的误差,提高染色法测量准确度,根据染色示踪剂在水中扩散引起颜色发生变化的特性,结合漫反射型模拟量光电颜色传感器和数据采集卡采集信号,通过小波变换对信号进行去噪,研发一种基于光电传感技术的薄层水流流速测量系统。以流量法为参照,确定该系统传感器最优数据采集距离为0.6～0.8 m;传感器数据采集距离为0.7 m时,该系统测量数据最小相对误差仅为0.48%,变异系数15%。相比染色法,该系统与流量法拟合的决定系数在0.90以上,大于染色法的决定系数0.75。表明薄层水流流速测量系统优于染色法,可以用坡面薄层水流试验研究中。     

土壤水分-基质势-温度复合传感器研制

土壤水分、基质势是描述土壤持水特性的重要参数,不同类型土壤的水分特征曲线存在明显差异。目前在野外环境下通常采用传感器分离测量法测定土壤水分特征曲线,但因土壤的空间异质性导致较大的测量误差。为此,该研究设计了一种可同步测量土壤水分、基质势和温度的复合传感器,主要组成部分包括32位MCU主控芯片、继电器切换模块、介电水分/基质势测量模块和温度测量模块,主控芯片通过控制继电器切换实现土壤水分、基质势和温度的同步测定,同时进行温度校正。采用森林土壤、农田壤土和砂土对复合传感器进行性能测试、标定和观测试验,并与商业化仪器的测量结果进行对比。结果表明：在干燥至近饱和范围内,复合传感器测定的土壤水分和基质势均具有良好的单调性,决定系数R2均大于0.98,土壤体积含水率和基质势的测量范围分别为0%～40%和-1 500～-15 kPa,水分和基质势的响应时间分别为450 ms和150 s。采用商业化仪器分离测量方法与本文复合传感器分别同步测定森林土壤、农田壤土和砂土的水分特征曲线,2种方法测得的土壤水分特征曲线的皮尔逊相关系数均大于0.96。本文研制的复合传感器可以实现不同类型土壤水分特征曲线的准确测...     

地表糙度测定方法研究

地表微地形测量是地表粗糙度定量化的基础,对地表形态动态监测和土壤侵蚀过程相关研究具有重要意义。采用链条法、照相机法和无人机法,选取常规人工降雨土槽和野外径流小区,设置裸地和植物根系2个处理,分别测定其地表糙度。结果表明:(1)链条法、照相机法和无人机法测定的平均弯曲性指数分别为0.257,0.219,0.248,与标件实际平均弯曲性指数0.242偏差小于<10%;其中链条法测定的弯曲性指数整体偏大(6.2%),照相机法测定的弯曲性指数整体偏小(-9.5%),无人机法测定的弯曲性指数略有偏大,但误差仅为2.5%。(2)裸地土槽细沟较深,链条法和照相机法测定结果与实际不符,无人机法测定结果与实际较为一致,链条法和照相机法相对无人机法均偏小了50.0%和40.3%;有根系土槽链条法测定结果与实际不符,照相机法和无人机法测定结果与实际较为一致,链条法相对于照相机法和无人机法均偏小了48.2%和57.8%。(3)受地形因素限制,照相机法无法测定径流小区地表糙度;对于裸地和有根系小区,无人机法测定结果与实际较为相符,而链条法测定结果与地表起伏不一致,链条法相对于无人机法测定的地表弯曲性指数分别偏大了28.6%和24.8%。总体而言,立体摄影测量能有效地反映地表糙度,但受拍摄高度和地形因素的限制,照相机法测定结果会存在低估或使用受限,无人机法测定结果相对稳定;受人为操作和本身测定过程误差的影响,链条法测定结果偏差相对较大,但对于立体摄影测量无法测定的立地环境,链条法仍可作为地表糙度测量的有效方法。     

农村沼气生产使用安全检测系统研究

根据目前我国农村沼气生产、使用范围和规模的不断扩大,为充分可靠地利用好农村这一新型能源,首次提出了对农村各分散独立农户的沼气生产、使用情况进行环境监测的方案,介绍了一种采用新型气敏传感器和单片微型计算机组成的沼气泄漏安全检测系统的设计原理、技术性能和特点。从获得的实验数据表明,系统对气体浓度的灵敏度高（＜２×１０^－６,可燃气体体积与空气体积比值）,响应时间短（＜１０ｓ）,测量数据准确（＜１０％）、工作可靠,是适用于农村进行沼气泄漏检测的智能化安全检测系统。     

Predictive modelling of illegal fishing in no‐take marine protected areas

Illegal fishing is an acknowledged problem within no‐take areas (NTAs), which are frequently used as a marine conservation management tool. While gathering data on illegal fishing is difficult, it is necessary, as these data enable increased efficiency of compliance patrols, where resources are inherently limited. In particular, information about short‐term temporal variations in illegal fishing in NTAs is needed to guide management and compliance efforts. To address this knowledge gap, daily variations in illegal fishing effort were examined using surveillance cameras at two sites in New South Wales, Australia. Generalised linear modelling (GLM) identified that illegal fishing was significantly greater on non‐working days and during periods with no rain, light winds and slight seas. The GLM developed provided useful predictions of illegal activity in both the NTA used to build the model and in a second nearby NTA. The study demonstrated that illegal fishing was principally concentrated on days with good boating conditions and was greater at the study site closer to boat launching facilities. These insights will assist with future targeting of enforcement, community outreach and management efforts, which should focus on days and sites with an increased likelihood of illegal fishing.     

应用STM32系统设计基于物联网的农业小气候观测传感器

为实现分布式测量的农业小气候观测系统设计,需要设计一种体积小、成本相对较低的观测传感器。设计中应用STM32系统,采用现代电子设计技术及智能化的软硬件开发,实现传感器的设计制造。结果表明,应用STM32系统进行主控单元硬件设计,及STM32系统自带的标准库函数开发固化软件,不仅功能上能够满足要求,而且设计及生产成本均较低。设计完成的一体式传感器不仅能够更好地满足农业小气候观测需求,而且较集中控制方式的农业小气候观测系统有安装维护上的优势,其体积小,而且“全无线”设计,不会影响农事活动。基于物联网的智能化传感器设计为实现分布式测量打下了基础。