水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同土壤水分条件下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化规律及相互关系,以期揭示其对土壤水分胁迫的气孔响应机制。结果表明:苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均随水分胁迫加剧而降低,三者日变化均呈双峰曲线特征,日平均值表现为充分供水>轻度胁迫>中度胁迫>重度胁迫。最低叶水势随土壤水分降低而降低;在中度和重度胁迫下,叶水势和蒸腾速率日变化峰值出现的时间提前,当叶水势为-4.68 MPa或T_r为3.27 g·m^-2·h^-1时,气孔开始关闭;在充分供水和轻度胁迫下,T_r越高,叶水势越低,且G_s随着T_r增加而增加。叶水势的变化除受土壤水分影响外,还与叶片生长发育密切相关。     

Research on a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection

Waterflood is one of the main oil reservoir development ways. Premature flooding of production wells during water flooding process will reduce oil recovery. Therefore,it is particularly important to establish a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection. Based on the basic principles of heat and mass transfer,according to well temperature curve to determine the water profile,Poisson process analysis and stochastic process methods are adopted to calculate water saturation,water breakthrough time and water cut of each layer in water flooded reservoir at any one time. When oil reservoir gradually become water flooded,the calculated water cut of model considering micro-pore distribution of the reservoir tends to the measured water cut,and the calculation error is less than 5%. Case study shows that the layer of the higher injection rate,with high flow channel such as micro fracture,where there is the faster increase in water saturation,the shorter water breakthrough time and faster increase in water cut,and vice versa. Research result provides time guarantee to take measures for inhibiting or delaying water breakthrough of production wells.     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

不同灌水处理对小桐子生长及耐盐性的影响

为研究不同灌水处理对小桐子生长及耐盐性的影响,取1 a生小桐子幼苗为试验材料,设置19.80,19.80和39.60(交替灌溉),39.60 mm 3个水平的灌水处理;3个水平的施盐处理:每50 g风干土中NaCl分析纯为0,0.15,0.30 g,并监测小桐子的形态,根区Na⁺环境以及植物体Na⁺累积的情况.结果表明:小桐子有一定的耐盐性,受到每50 g风干土中含有0.30 g NaCl分析纯盐胁迫时,交替灌溉处理更有利于小桐子的生长;随着盐浓度的增大,小桐子根区土壤电导率增大的幅度逐渐减小,同时,盐浓度的增大使土层中Na⁺含量增大的幅度也逐渐减小,小桐子干样中各器官Na⁺含量从大到小依次为叶片、根部、茎;19.80 和39.60 mm交替的灌溉方式比39.60 mm灌溉方式节水25%,但小桐子的生长并未受到影响,且各器官钠离子含量差异不具有统计学意义.本试验条件下,受到不同程度盐胁迫的小桐子,19.80和39.60 mm交替的灌溉方式更有利于小桐子生长,提高其耐盐性.     

中国东北松嫩平原丹顶鹤繁殖种群调查(英文)

自2004年至2008年,在白鹤GEF项目的支持下,全国鸟类环志中心于每年5月在东北松嫩平原的4个国家级自然保护区,即黑龙江的扎龙国家级自然保护区、内蒙古的科尔沁国家级自然保护区、吉林的向海和莫莫格国家级自然保护区,开展了繁殖水鸟的地面调查。调查的目的在于了解各个保护区繁殖水鸟的分布和种群动态。丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是本调查活动的重要目标物种。通过5年的调查,了解到松嫩平原的扎龙保护区是目前丹顶鹤最为重要的繁殖地,逾90%的繁殖丹顶鹤种群分布在扎龙保护区,但种群数量变动较大,变动幅度介于112–275只之间。良好的芦苇(Phragmites australis)生境是丹顶鹤的繁殖种群保持稳定和增长的首要条件。通过给湿地供水可以缓解丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地的快速退化,但科学合理的供水机制是保证丹顶鹤繁殖成功的前提。     

草坪灌溉与排水课程设计的关键环节分析

为了提高草业科学本科生创造性和独立性,要求学生完成喷灌系统课程设计。该课程设计特点是公式多、难记忆、抽象和难掌握。在课程设计过程中,学生经常找不到切入点,不知道各环节计算公式和各环节之间的联系。通过对多年教学过程的总结和概括,分析设计灌水定额和灌水周期、喷头布置和选型、轮灌组划分等关键环节,进一步阐明各关键环节之间的联系,以期指导学生更好掌握草坪灌溉与排水课程,达到满足草坪草用水、节约用水、形成水动景观效果、解决我国水资源紧张等目的。     

日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

为了探讨日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响,本试验选用12头胎次、泌乳时间、泌乳量相近的水牛,随机分成4组,每组3头水牛。采用4×4拉丁方试验方法,4组水牛基础日粮中钙含量分别占基础日粮干物质的0.47%、0.62%、0.78%、0.93%,其他营养成分均相同,其中磷占采食干物质比例为0.50%;共4期试验,每一试验期21 d,其中预饲期7 d,正饲期14 d。试验结果表明:1、不同钙水平日粮对泌乳水牛的产奶性能影响不显著(P>0.05),但0.78%钙水平日粮组水牛的产奶量分别比其他3组提高5.4%、5.5%、3.9%,不同钙水平对水牛奶营养成分影响不显著(P>0.05)。2、不同钙水平日粮对水牛血浆中钙含量影响差异显著(P<0.05);随着日粮钙水平的上升,水牛血液甲状旁腺素和1,25二羟基维生素D呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。综合各指标,日粮钙占采食干物质的比例为0.78%能进一步提高泌乳水牛产奶量。     

阿拉善荒漠区主要盐生植物水势日变化

以内蒙古阿拉善盟荒漠区的代表性盐生植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylom ammodendron)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)和小叶杨(P.simonii)等5种优势植物为研究对象,对其叶片水势的日变化进行了测...     

干旱灌区次生盐渍化土壤红花配方施肥研究

在干旱次生盐渍化土壤条件下,采用“3414”配方施肥方案,研究了氮、磷、钾配施对红花产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,配方施肥对红花株高、分枝高、单株花球数、花冠和籽粒产量均有显著影响,其中以配施N 180 kg/hm²、P 90 kg/hm²、K 120 kg/hm²的处理N₂ P₂ K₂红花花冠和籽粒产量最高。分别对红花花冠产量和红花籽粒产量与氮、磷、钾肥料的相关性进行回归分析,均达到显著水平。在干旱灌区次生盐渍化土壤上,红花花冠理论最高产量为667.98 kg/hm²,最佳施肥量为N 150.59 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 93.09 kg/hm²、K₂O 98.75 kg/hm²;红花籽粒理论最高产量为2 644.47 kg/hm²,最佳施肥量为N 169.50 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 94.60 kg/hm²、K₂O 102.75 kg/hm²。