VFB抗烟草花叶病毒活性及对烟草叶片超微结构的影响

【目的】评价植物源病毒抑制剂VFB的抗烟草花叶病毒(TMV)活性,并初步探讨其作用机理。【方法】以心叶烟(Nicotiana glutinosaL.)和普通烟(Nicotiana TabacumL.)为寄主材料,采用半叶枯斑法测定了VFB对烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的体外钝化作用及对TMV初侵染和增殖的抑制作用,并用透射电镜技术研究了VFB对感染TMV烟草叶片超微结构的影响。【结果】VFB对TMV具有明显的体外钝化作用,在对TMV钝化0.5,1和2 h后,其抑制率分别为44.41%,55.62%和64.43%;VFB对TMV侵染心叶烟具有较好的预防作用,其50倍稀释液在24和48 h的抑制率分别达到54.33%和55.60%,均优于对照药剂病毒A;VFB对TMV有一定的治疗作用,其50倍稀释液的抑制率为36.15%,略低于对照药剂病毒A。烟草叶片病理结构的超微观察表明,普通烟感染TMV后,叶片中大部分细胞结构会受到不同程度的破坏,经VFB处理的烟草,花叶症状减轻,叶片中的TMV粒子显著减少,叶绿体和线粒体的解体症状减轻,并产生大量嗜锇颗粒和膜体。【结论】VFB对TMV具有较好的抑制作用。     

北柴胡和狭叶柴胡的过氧化物酶及酯酶同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术，对采自不同地区的12个柴胡样本进行过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶分析．结果表明，12个柴胡样本的过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶分别出现10条和8条酶带，2条和1条共有带．聚类分析结果表明，北柴胡和狭叶柴胡的亲缘关系较远，可认为是同属不同种；北柴胡在种内存在一定的地理环境差异．     

孜然提取物对几种病菌生物活性的初步研究

以孜然种子丙酮提取物为材料,测定了其对几种病菌的生物活性。结果表明,在供试质量浓度为0.05g/mL时,粗提物对所有供试真菌菌丝生长抑制率均大于75%;在供试质量浓度为0.1g/mL时,对稻瘟病菌孢子萌发抑制率大于90%;在供试质量浓度为0.04g/mL时,盆栽试验显示其对白菜黑斑病、稻瘟病及黄瓜霜霉病的保护作用均达60%以上,对稻瘟病治疗作用达89.5%以上。孜然作为植物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究。     

吉富罗非鱼成鱼对8种常见植物源饲料原料的表观消化率

【目的】研究吉富罗非鱼成鱼对8种植物源饲料原料中营养成分和总能的表观消化率(ADC),为吉富罗非鱼饲料的配制提供科学依据。【方法】选择6种植物源蛋白原料(全脂膨化大豆、豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、花生粕、玉米蛋白粉)和2种能量原料(小麦麸、面粉),分别与基础饲料按照3∶7的质量比配制成试验饲料,投喂体质量为(290.6±5.8)g/尾的吉富罗非鱼成鱼,1周后,采用网捞法收集成型完整的粪便,研究吉富罗非鱼成鱼对8种原料的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总能、总磷和氨基酸的ADC。【结果】吉富罗非鱼成鱼对8种原料粗脂肪的ADC差异不显著(P0.05),均高于89.42%;对8种原料粗蛋白、总能的ADC和氨基酸的平均ADC均以面粉最高,小麦麸最低;各原料氨基酸的平均ADC变化趋势与蛋白质的ADC趋势一致。在6种蛋白质原料中,吉富罗非鱼成鱼对其粗蛋白、氨基酸平均、总能和总磷的ADC分别为85.70%~94.41%,89.07%~95.87%,62.92%~94.64%和32.96%~83.39%;其中,对全脂膨化大豆、豆粕、棉粕、花生粕和玉米蛋白粉粗蛋白的ADC均高于89%,且这5种原料间无显著差异(P0.05);对花生粕、玉米蛋白粉和全脂膨化大豆总能的ADC显著高于菜粕和棉粕(P0.05),而与豆粕无显著差异(P0.05);对玉米蛋白粉总磷的ADC显著高于其他原料(P0.05)。【结论】玉米蛋白粉、花生粕、全脂膨化大豆、豆粕可作为吉富罗非鱼成鱼饲料中优质的蛋白源,面粉则是吉富罗非鱼成鱼饲料中优质的能量源。     

The liveweight gain of Limousin × Friesian heifers grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover swards of different clover content and the effects of their grazing on sward botanical composition

An experiment was carried out in 1992 and 1993 to examine the effect of white clover content of perennial ryegrass/white clover swards on the performance of Limousin × Friesian heifers. Swards with low (L), medium (M) and high (H) white clover contents were established and managed by continuous variable stocking. A compressed sward height of 5·5 cm was maintained using a buffer fence to vary plot areas, with herbage surplus to grazing requirements cut, removed and yields measured. The mean white clover proportions for treatments L, M and H were 0·02, 0·19 and 0·18 in 1992 and 0·13, 0·16 and 0·31 in 1993 respectively. White clover contents of the swards reached a maximum in August and September, and differences between treatments diminished. There was no significant difference between treatments in the content of white clover in the swards in autumn 1993.
Liveweight gains of heifers increased asymptotically with increasing white clover content of the sward. Below a white clover herbage mass of 300 kg DM ha^–1, there was little effect on liveweight gain, which was 0·70 kg day^–1 over the grazing season. Between 400 and 450 kg DM ha^–1 white clover, liveweight gains were 0·85–0·90 kg day^–1. While clover content of the sward did not significantly affect utilized metabolizable energy output; the mean output over the grazing season in the two years from liveweight gain and herbage yield was 78 GJ ha^–1. It is suggested that, using this grazing system, white clover reached an equilibrium with a mean herbage mass of about 400 kg DM ha^–1 over the grazing season.     

苜蓿雄性不育系及其回交后代同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳技术对苜蓿雄性不育系及其回交后代进行过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)同工酶分析。结果表明:(1)苜蓿雄性不育系及其回交后代叶的POD同工酶在现蕾期和开花期的酶带数较返青期多。返青期的酶活性较现蕾期和开花期强;MS-4及其回交后代叶的EST同工酶活性变化规律与POD同工酶谱表现相似;(2)在花发育的不同时期,花蕾为绿色时期时的POD同工酶酶活性最强,MS-4及其回交后代小花的EST同_T-酶酶带数较叶的多。刚开过的小花EST同工酶酶活性最强,F1、BC1代不育株都出现了母本MS-4所具有的POD、EST特征酶带;(3)从MS-4回交后代中所选育的不育株的POD和EST同工酶谱明显偏向于轮回亲本MS-4,说明通过回交使MS-4的某些性状在回交后代中进一步得到表现,因此,可以初步认定原不育系Ms4的不育性是可遗传的。     

植物源杀虫剂对棉蚜毒力及多异瓢虫的安全性评价

【目的】评价苦参碱、藜芦碱、印楝素对棉蚜的毒力和不同虫态多异瓢虫(卵、1龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、成虫)的毒性,为科学使用植物源杀虫剂提供参考依据。【方法】利用喷雾塔进行室内定量喷雾,测定苦参碱、藜芦碱、印楝素处理后棉蚜、多异瓢虫的死亡率。【结果】在2 000 mg/L处理下,苦参碱对棉蚜的毒力最高、校正死亡率为89.3%,高于藜芦碱的61.7%和印楝素的57.6%。这3种植物源杀虫剂对多异瓢虫毒力均较低,2 000 mg/L处理96 h后多异瓢虫卵死亡率分别为16.5%、20.9%和20.9%;处理24 h后,1龄幼虫死亡率分别为29.6%、38.9%和42.6%,3龄幼虫死亡率分别为1.7%、8.3%和5.0%,成虫死亡率均不超过20%。3种植物源杀虫剂处理下的多异瓢虫各虫态死亡率均显著低于100 mg/L吡虫啉。【结论】苦参碱、藜芦碱、印楝素对多异瓢虫安全性较高,其中苦参碱对棉蚜毒力高于其他2种,适合在新疆棉田棉蚜防治中使用。     

农业院校植物学实验教学改革的思考与实践

植物学是高等农业院校植物生产类专业的重要基础课之一,植物学实验是植物学整个教学过程不可或缺的关键环节。但是,传统的植物学实验教学方式存在种种弊端,难以适应植物学科的发展和高校素质教育的需要。植物学实验教学方式的改革主要应包括：将植物学实验单独设课;加强植物学实验室硬件建设;更新植物学实验教材、整合实验内容;真正发挥教师的示教作用、在教学中积极应用多媒体技术和显微互动系统,竭力实现师生互动;建立完善的植物学实验课程考核体系。     

Forage selectivity by cattle and sheep co‐grazing swards differing in plant species diversity

Interactions between sward diversity and forage selectivity of cattle and sheep managed within mixed grazing systems are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of either mono‐ or co‐grazing of sheep and cattle on swards differing in botanical composition (either diverse or grass‐dominated) on the intake choices of six target forage species. Jacobs' selection index (JSI) was employed to quantify the preference for single target species in relation to their proportion in the sward. Results revealed distinct intake preferences of sheep and cattle; as expected, sheep were more selective than cattle. To a lesser extent, the sward composition had an effect on intake preferences: cattle responded to botanical composition by changing their intake preferences, but to a lesser extent than sheep. Phleum pratense was the most preferred target forage species (JSI = 0.62). Lolium perenne, Taraxacum sect. Ruderale and Trifolium repens were also highly preferred regardless of sward composition or type of grazing (JSI = 0.47, 0.32 and 0.27 respectively). Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis tended to increase in abundance after grazing events in both diverse and grass‐dominated swards. Co‐grazing of cattle and sheep facilitated a more homogeneous consumption of the target forage species evaluated.     

寄主植物对松墨天牛的营养效应及对体内酯酶与羧酸酯酶活性的影响

分别用马尾松、雪松、火炬松、湿地松和黑松饲养松墨天牛,研究不同寄主植物对松墨天牛补充营养期的营养效应以及对体内酯酶与羧酸酯酶活性的影响.结果表明:不同寄主植物对补充营养期松墨天牛的营养效应、酯酶与羧酸酯酶的活性有显著影响.用马尾松和雪松饲养的试虫,羽化后第5天体质量开始增加;其余3种树种饲养的试虫,至第7天体质量才开始增加.取食马尾松的松墨天牛雌、雄成虫,其相对取食量、相对代谢率和食物利用率均高于取食其他4种寄主植物的试虫;取食马尾松的松墨天牛雌、雄成虫体内酯酶和羧酸酯酶的活性也显著高于取食其他寄主的试虫;试验结果表明:马尾松是松墨天牛补充营养期的最适寄主.