Inheritance of sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Interspecific hybridization between foxtail millet cultivars (Setaria italica) and a green foxtail (S. viridis) resistant to the herbicide sethoxydim were undertaken to breed foxtail millet for improved herbicide resistance. Parents, reciprocal F₁ hybrids, F₂ selfed derived populations and BC₁ backcross progeny were produced and analysed for mortality and fresh weight over a range of dosages. All resistant progeny were 700 times more resistant than susceptible cultivars and was symptom free under current field dosages. Segregations of resistant and susceptible progeny (3:1 in F₂ and 1:1 in BC₁) were not dependent upon dosage. Heterozygous individuals displayed the same magnitude of resistance as homozygous plants at twelve times the recommended field dosage. Results suggested that sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet was controlled by a single, completely dominant, nuclear gene. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and production of semilooper resistant transgenic castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Summary Semilooper resistant transgenic castor plants were produced through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. Two castor cultivars, Jyothi and VP1 were transformed using the super-binary vector pTOK233 carrying gus A and hpt genes. Putative transformants were regenerated following selection on the hygromycin containing medium. GUS positive primary transformants, when subjected to Southern analysis, revealed stable integration of gus A into their genomes. In the T₁ generation, a monogenic segregation ratio of 3 GUS positive: 1 GUS negative plants was observed. Furthermore, transformation experiments were carried out with the Agrobacterium pSB111 super-binary vector carrying a synthetic delta endotoxin gene cryIAb and the herbicide resistance gene bar both driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Putative transformants were regenerated through selection on the phosphinothricin containing medium and Basta tolerant transformants were subjected to molecular analysis. PCR analysis revealed the presence of both bar and cryIAb genes in the Basta tolerant primary transformants. Southern analysis of PCR positive plants with cryIAb probe showed a 3 Kb band upon HindIII digestion and a > 6 Kb band with BamHI digestion, thus suggesting stable integration of cryIAb intact expression cassette and independent nature of the transformants. The primary transformants subjected to ELISA disclosed varied levels of Cry protein. These transgenics expressing cryIAb – when bioassayed against freshly hatched semilooper larvae – induced substantial (> 88%) insect mortality. Southern analysis of 2T₁ plants revealed the presence of cryIAb gene, indicating stable inheritance of the transgene into the next generation. In T₁, all the Southern-positive plants for cryIAb invariably exhibited tolerance to Basta, denoting co-segregation of both bar and cryIAb genes. Transgenics, expressing cryIAb exhibited ample resistance against the castor semilooper.     

北京地区杂交油葵适宜密度、水分管理、除草剂试验研究

研究表明：在北京地区夏播的条件下，杂交油葵适宜密度一般为52500株／hm^2，适宜的除草剂为33％除草通（施田补）乳油2250～3300mL／hm^2对水375～450kg／hm^2喷洒地面。油葵种植应保证底墒水和现蕾水充足，有利于北京地区杂交油葵的生长，提高产量。     

除草剂在沙棘实生苗营林去雄抚育中的应用

试验验证了除草剂灭杀7年生沙棘林雄株的效果,方法简单易行,为在沙棘实生苗营林抚育中,改变和控制林地雌雄比例,提高沙棘林地采果收益。     

Effect of tebuthiuron on soil N mineralization and nitrification

Abstract

Herbicides have potential for economical and efficient site preparation following timber harvest. The effects of tebuthiu‐ron, one of the herbicides approved for this use, on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification were determined in laboratory incubations. Tebuthiuron was added at rates from 0 to 1000 μg g^‐1 to three soils. There was no effect of tebuthiuron additions of less than 1 μg g^‐1 on soil N mineralization and nitrification. Tebuthiuron reduced nitrification in all soils at 1000 μg g^‐1 and in two of the soils at 100 μg g^‐1 . All soils had increased net mineralization with tebuthiuron added at 100 and 1000 μg g^‐1. The addition of 50 μg NH⁺ ₄‐N and 1000 μg tebuthiuron g^‐1 resulted in increased net mineralization in the three soils. Nitrification was affected differently in each of the three soils by the addition of both NH⁺ ₄‐N and tebuthiuron. The added NH⁺ ₄‐N either removed the inhibition of nitrification by the herbicide or had no effect on the inhibition in two of the soils. In the third soil, nitrification was reduced by the addition of NH⁺ ₄‐N.

The presence of NO^‐ ₃‐N in these acid soils and the effects of added NH⁺ ₄‐N on NO^‐ ₃‐N production suggest that heterotrophic nitrification occurs in at least two of the soils. The findings of this study indicate that any effects of tebuthiuron on N mineralization and nitrification at the currently recommended application rates are likely to be transient and localized.     

保护剂减轻氯嘧磺隆对玉米残留药害的作用机理

采用沙培方法,利用生理生化试验及半定量PCR方法,研究了保护剂HN对玉米ALS、GSTs活性及GSTs的mRNA表达量的影响。结果表明,保护剂对6个玉米品种的ALS、GSTs均具有诱导作用,但对不同品种的诱导增加百分率却不同。对氯嘧磺隆敏感的玉米东甜3号的GSTs诱导增加百分率达到59.18,对其ALS的诱导倍数为叶部1.29倍,根部2.30倍;对氯嘧磺隆耐性较高的玉米屯玉88GSTs诱导增加百分率为19.26,其ALS的诱导倍数为叶部1.07倍,根部2.07倍。氯嘧磺隆和保护剂均可以诱导玉米GSTsmRNA的相对表达量的增加,保护剂的诱导作用更强。     

Long-term monitoring of feral genetically modified herbicide-tolerant Brassica napus populations around unloading Japanese ports

Genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) Brassica napus plants originating from seed spill have recently been found along roadsides leading from Japanese ports that unload oilseed rape. Such introductions have potential biodiversity effects (as defined by the Cartagena Protocol): these include replacement of native elements in the biota through competitive suppression or hybridization. We conducted surveys in the period 2006–2011 to assess such threats. We examined shifts in the population distribution and occurrence of GMHT plants in 1,029 volunteer introduced assemblages of B. napus, 1,169 of B. juncea, and 184 of B. rapa around 12 ports. GMHT B. napus was found around 10 of 12 ports, but its proportion in the populations varied greatly by year and location. Over the survey period, the distributions of a pure non-GMHT population around Tobata and a pure GMHT population around Hakata increased significantly. However, there was no common trend of population expansion or contraction around the 12 ports. Furthermore, we found no herbicide tolerant B. juncea and B. rapa plants derived from crosses with GMHT B. napus. Therefore, GMHT B. napus is not invading native vegetation surrounding its populations and not likely to cross with congeners in Japanese environment.     

速生人工林桉树木材材色处理初步研究

试验用漂白剂、酸性染料和其他化学药剂,采用单纯漂白、单纯染色、先漂白再染色和化学着色等4种不同的方案对人工林桉树木材进行材色改良处理研究.结果发现:单纯漂白可获得一定的材色改良效果;硫化物类、过硫酸铵类的药剂配方漂白效果不明显;硼氢化钠类的药剂配方可得到一定的漂白效果;双氧水类、次氯酸钠类的药剂配方可得到很好的漂白效果.单纯染色比较难获得好的材色处理效果.采用先漂白后染色的方法,获得的材色过于鲜艳.采用化学着色的方法,可获得较理想的材色改良效果;草酸类药剂配方着色效果明显,可消除材色缺陷,根据不同的配方和处理工艺可获得从浅粉红色到红棕色的色调;用双氧水做活性剂,引入带发色团的化学药剂,材色改良效果明显,通过调整配方药品的浓度和处理工艺可获得从浅黄色到橙黄色的不同色调和较佳的材质.     

除草剂对徐州山地林下主要杂草的防除

通过对徐州市林场侧柏人工纯林林下植被进行抽样调查,选取形成林火地面易燃物的主要杂草一年蓬、野燕麦为研究对象,用农达(草甘膦异丙胺盐41%水剂)、MCPA(2甲4氯钠盐13%水剂)、精禾草克(精喹禾灵5%乳油)3种防除效率较高的除草剂进行试验。结果表明,农达和MCPA不同浓度混合溶液具很好的防除效果。从生态环境、防除效果和经济成本等因素综合考虑,200倍农达稀释液与200倍MPCA稀释液的混合液对一年蓬和野燕麦防除效果最佳,可应用在森林防火隔离带的建设中。