长期深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭对砂姜黑土团聚体及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作方式、秸秆还田和生物炭添加结合对土壤团聚体粒径分布、团聚体养分特征、养分库储量及小麦-玉米周年产量的影响,本研究采用3因素2水平试验设计,分别为耕作方式：常规旋耕（CT）,深翻耕作（DT）;秸秆处理：秸秆还田（S）、秸秆不还田（NS）;生物炭：生物炭添加（B）、无生物炭添加（NB）,共8个处理。结果表明：无生物炭添加时,旋耕秸秆还田显著提高了0~15 cm土层团聚体稳定性及土壤养分库储量,而深耕秸秆还田显著改善了>15~30 cm土层土壤团粒组成,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产。相关性分析表明,砂姜黑土中作物产量的提升更依赖于深层（>15~30 cm）土壤物理结构的改善和土壤肥力的提升。配施生物炭后如DT-S-B（深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭）较CT-NS-NB（旋耕秸秆不还田无生物炭）处理尤其使>15~30 cm土层团聚体稳定性显著增强,>2 mm粒级团聚体比例、重量平均直径和几何平均直径值分别增加165.88%、62.37%和119.81%,显著提高>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,降低了<2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,使>15~30 cm土层土壤有机碳库储量、全氮、全磷和全钾库储量分别显著提升37.41%、38.99%、41.26%和9.84%,促使2年作物周年产量平均增加22.96%,但在深耕秸秆还田的基础上配施生物炭在短期内增产效果不显著。综上,深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭能够显著改善黄淮海南部砂姜黑土深层土壤团聚体粒径分布和稳定性,提升了土壤肥力和作物周年产量,保障了农田高效绿色可持续生产。     

Remediation of amide pesticide-polluted soils by combined solarization and ozonation treatment

Agriculture has a close relationship with nature, but it can also be the source of negative and permanent environmental effects. The use of pesticides in modern agriculture is a common practice, but their side effects on the environment cannot be disregarded. In this study, we evaluated a combination of solarization and ozonation techniques for the elimination of six amide pesticides (boscalid, chlorantraniliprole, cyflufenamid, fluopyram, napropamide, and propyzamide) in soil. Initial experiments were performed with four different soils to assess the efficiency of this methodology at different soil temperatures and ozone dosages under laboratory conditions, and then a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions during summer. Fifty days after the onset of the experiments, higher degradation percentages of amide pesticides were observed in ozonized soils than in other treated soils, particularly when ozone was applied at 10 cm soil depth. The results show that the utilization of ozonation, along with solarization, represents a valid method for degrading residues of the studied pesticides and suggest that this combined technology may be a promising tool for remediating pesticide-polluted soils.     

东北半干旱黑土区玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤水溶性有机碳含量及其组分的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对无秸秆还田（CK）、秸秆覆盖还田（FG）、秸秆翻埋还田（FM）处理下土壤有机碳（SOC）含量及水溶性有机碳（WSOC）含量及其结构特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）与CK相比,FM处理0~40 cm土层SOC含量提高7.87%~29.54%,FG处理0~30 cm土层SOC含量增加1.91%~18.61%,30~40 cm土层SOC含量降低7.67%;FM和FG处理0~40 cm土层土壤WSOC含量分别提升13.42%~39.42%和0.28%~26.34%。（2）通过WSOC三维荧光光谱发现,各土层CK（Ex/Em=300/34、Ex/Em=300/340、Ex/Em=240/340、Ex/Em=300/340）处理WSOC荧光特征峰为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质荧光峰;FM（Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/435）和FG（Ex/Em=270/440、Ex/Em=270/435、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/430）处理为类腐殖酸类物质荧光特征峰,腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;荧光区域积分表明,FM和FG处理类腐殖酸类物质（Ⅴ）和富里酸类物质（Ⅲ）的积分百分比分别较CK增加12.18%~27.39%、11.98%~30.72%和3.96%~5.73%、2.99%~5.40%。（3）土壤WSOC包含两个组分,C1（Ex/Em=340/435, 270/435）组分为类腐殖酸类物质,C2（Ex/Em=290/345, 240/345）组分为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质;F_max值结果表明,0~40 cm土层的C1组分相对含量表现为FM>FG>CK,表明秸秆翻埋还田更有助于土壤中营养物质含量增加和形成更高分子量的有机物。综上,不同秸秆还田方式均可提升SOC和土壤WSOC含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强土壤的供肥能力,翻埋还田处理提升作用更为显著。     

黑丝羽乌骨鸡的选育进展与冠型效应

通过对黑丝羽乌骨鸡的复冠父系和单冠母系进行家系选育五个世代，在体重、孵化性能、开产性状及产蛋量方面得到了明显进展，而且可见单冠在这些性状上的正向效应。尤其是产蛋性能上的选育进展非常明显，高峰4个月的总产蛋量增加了1．2倍，母系300d产蛋量达到102枚左右，母系500d产蛋量达到201枚。     

PCR-based detection of Xanthomonas campestris pathovars in Brassica seed

Xanthomonas campestris is a seedborne bacterium that causes black rot of crucifers. Substantial crop losses may result from the rapid spread of the bacteria under favourable conditions, especially those occurring during seedling production. A PCR-based method has been developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of the pathovars of X. campestris that affect crucifers. Primers were designed to specifically amplify a 619 bp fragment of the hrpF gene from X. campestris . Amplification products were not detected from other Xanthomonas species, or from other pathogenic or epiphytic bacteria occurring on these plants. To avoid false-negative results arising from the presence of amplification inhibitors in plant extracts, primers targeting a 360 bp section of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from Brassica spp. were included in a multiplex PCR. The assay readily detected X. campestris pv. campestris infections in diseased plants and from bacterial colonies isolated on growth media, and was more sensitive and specific than traditional plating methods and a commercially available ELISA. A seed-washing protocol was optimized to allow the detection of a single artificially infected seed among 10 000 healthy seeds using the multiplex PCR.     

黑核桃内生真菌HJ1油脂制备生物柴油的研究

对黑核桃内生真菌HJ1油脂制备生物柴油的关键技术进行研究。利用单因素试验和验证试验优化反应条件。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（Thermo Finnigan Trace DSQ）对油脂的成分进行分析。选择甲醇为萃取剂进行降酸处理,根据植物油脂酸值测定法GB/T5530-1985进行酸值测定。采用均相碱催化酯交换法制备生物柴油,并用气相色谱内标法对所制备生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯的组成和含量进行测定。较好的工艺条件是:醇-油摩尔比8∶1,催化剂浓度1%,反应温度60 ℃,反应时间2 h。在此条件下,甲酯含量超过98%,生物柴油得率超过66%。结果表明,HJ1油脂制备的生物柴油可以被发展为石化柴油代替品之一。     

玉米喷施大民先锋生物肥肥效试验

研究了玉米不同生育期叶面喷施大民先锋生物肥,对玉米全生育期、主要经济性状和产量的影响。结果表明：喷施生物肥可延长玉米全生育期,改善玉米主要经济性状和提高产量 相同施肥量条件下,在幼苗期、大喇叭口期和抽雄期各喷施1次的效果最好。     

Inheritance of slow rusting to stem rust in wheat

Summary The inheritance of the slow rusting character was studied on F₅ progenies from seven spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The cultivars and their progenies were evaluated for slow rusting in 1974 and 1975 in epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, races 15 and 151, and traces of other races. Slow rusting varied significantly among the parents and among the F₅ progeny of each cross. Transgressive segregation occurred in each cross, i.e. some progeny rusted more slowly than the parents and some faster. In crosses with both Idaed 59 and Kenya 58 the progeny distributions were skewed towards slow rust development but the distributions in the other crosses were normal. The genetic control of slow rusting was predominantly additive, and narrow sense heritability was approximately 80 percent. The number of segregating genes having an effect on slow rusting was estimated to be 2 to 12 pairs depending on the cross. Correlation between slow rusting and maturity was usually negative but in most crosses the relationship was small.Contribution No. 9624 from the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.     

马铃薯大棚套黑膜覆盖栽培技术

马铃薯已成为长乐市冬季农业生产的主要作物,但由于栽培技术与管理水平差异,年际气候变化较大,产量和品质也大不相同。马铃薯大棚套黑膜覆盖栽培技术通过构建温室大棚覆盖塑料无滴膜,起垄播种后覆盖黑色地膜,膜下铺设灌溉和施肥用的滴灌带等方法,为马铃薯生长发育提供了一个相对稳定的生态环境,可有效地提高马铃薯的产量和品质,且比露地栽培提早一个多月上市,稳定增加农户种植效益。     

常规优质稻品种比较试验

为筛选适宜宁化县种植的高产、优质、高效的常规稻优良品种,引进5个常规优质稻品种与当地种植面积较大的5个杂优品种进行品比试验,以谷优929作对照品种,结果表明：金农丝苗、合美占、合丰占3个品种的产量与对照品种差异不显著,综合表现较好,可进一步试种.